中国管理环境:暧昧文化因子、管理真实形态与情境嵌入机理

基于中国文化复杂含义的"关系"本位伦理的"意言行"错位结构,所形成的思维模式和行为方式具有典型的"暧昧"特征,暧昧文化与暧昧法则控制了组织所谓"知行一致"和"表里如一"的表达方式,支配了非正式组织的利益取向和私下行为。基于中国管理情境的实践所提炼的暧昧管理理论十分有价值和必要。这种理论基于跨文化、跨情境"关系"的差别与联系,建立信任关系与暧昧关系交叉相容的均衡结构;在主体集聚因素和环境集聚因素的耦合过程中,实现普适性管理理论架构的优先嵌入和差同性知识系统的能动根植。     

家长式领导对高层管理团队成员创造力的作用机制研究

基于对57个高科技企业高层管理团队中的配对数据分析,对家长式领导行为、心理授权、权力距离和集体主义价值观影响高层管理团队成员创造力的方式进行探究。研究发现,CEO的家长式领导行为对团队成员创造力具有显著的正向影响,团队成员的心理授权在其中起完全中介作用。此外,家长式领导对不同价值取向的团队成员的心理授权产生了不同的影响,即团队成员的权力距离取向越高,或者集体主义取向越高,威权领导对其心理授权的负向影响越弱;团队成员的集体主义取向越高,仁慈领导对其心理授权的正向影响越弱。     

众创空间平台组织竞争力的结构、测量及对创业者参与度的影响研究北大核心CSSCI

采用质化和量化相结合的方法,基于64家众创空间的67位负责人,4家政府机构的8位领导的半结构化访谈数据,以及78家众创空间的203份问卷数据,探析了中国情境下众创空间平台组织竞争力的结构、内涵和测量工具,并基于68组众创空间与创业者配对数据实证检验了众创空间平台组织竞争力对创业者参与度的影响机理。研究结果表明,众创空间平台组织竞争力是一个包含身份建构、文化亲近、价值主张、服务嵌入和资源承诺的二阶五因子结构,其测量量表具有良好的信度和效度,且众创空间平台组织竞争力对创业者参与度具有显著正向影响。研究结论有助于管理者更深刻、更全面地理解众创空间面临的“庙”多“僧”少问题的根源,并为构建众创空间平台组织竞争力理论提供了技术与理论支撑。     

基于文化视角的中国领导学研究路径评述北大核心CSSCI

从“坚守、传承和弘扬”中国文化的视角,沿着“照着讲,接着讲,结合讲”的3条研究路径对中国领导学研究进行了梳理与评述。其中,“照着讲”的研究探讨了中国各传统哲学流派中所蕴含的领导思想及其与现代领导理论和实践的关系;“接着讲”的研究从“中西比较”和“中西合璧”两条路径对中国当代情境下的领导研究进行了归纳与总结;“结合讲”的研究挖掘了阴阳、辩证、中庸等思维方式在领导行为上的体现。研究结果分类呈现了中国领导学研究的三大特征:既要坚守传统文化的“规范性”,又要探索当代情境下文化的传承,更要结合古今中外的哲学思想系统地分析其演进。最后,从求真、务实、至善这3个视角对未来有关研究进行了展望。     

中国情境下变革型领导的内涵与测量的再探讨

结合我国当代社会发展的实际情况,对变革型领导在中国情境下具有的行为结构及其内涵进行了深层次的探讨,并在此基础上发展了中国变革型领导的测量工具。研究结果表明,中国变革型领导是一个二阶四因素结构,包括影响力、愿景激励、个性化关怀和智力激发,且中国变革型领导在二阶构念上与西方理论一致。此外,这4个中国变革型维度的内涵又各自包括了2个子维度和有关内容。研究进一步完善和修正了现有研究对中国变革型领导的界定,编制的中国变革型领导行为问卷(CTLQ)的各项指标都达到了心理测量学的要求。     

社会化媒体赋能的顾客共创体验价值:多维度结构与多层次影响效应

本文立足于社会化媒体情境界定顾客共创体验价值的内涵与维度、开发全面而科学的测量量表,并验证量表信效度及其多层次影响效应.首先,基于相关文献界定社会化媒体情境下顾客共创体验价值的内涵,并使用扎根理论方法分析了3家典型企业在其社会化媒体站点的话题数据(n=65896),从而形成由4个二级维度(精神价值、赋能价值、实用价值和享乐价值)和11个一级维度构成的多层次理论构思.其次,依据扎根理论研究结论并借鉴相关测量量表编写测量题项,开发初始量表.最后,验证量表信效度及顾客共创体验价值的多层次影响效应,分别进行了量表检验(n=350)和影响效应检验(n=472).结果 表明,顾客共创体验价值量表具有良好的信度和效度,且其4个维度对品牌资产存在差异化的积极影响.本文拓展了顾客价值理论,深化了数字技术环境下的顾客共创研究,也对商业模式创新及品牌资产领域做出了理论贡献.     

企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机制研究——基于动态能力和冗余资源的调节效应

在动态复杂变化环境下，探讨不同消极反馈情形下企业战略变革选择受到何种因素影响值得进一步研究.本研究将消极反馈分为期望落差和组织衰败，并引入动态能力和冗余资源两个调节变量，探讨消极反馈影响企业战略变革的过程机制和边界条件.基于沪深A股制造业上市公司的研究表明，期望落差和组织衰败两种消极反馈形式对战略变革影响机制不同：期望落差与战略变革之间存在倒U型关系，而组织衰败对战略变革有显著的积极影响.其次，动态能力及冗余资源对期望落差与战略变革的倒U型关系有显著调节作用，动态能力对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著增强作用，冗余资源对组织衰败与战略变革的正向关系有显著削弱作用.研究结论对进一步分析企业消极反馈对战略变革的影响机理及边界条件有一定借鉴.     

中国文化转型背景下的地区现代化、价值取向和行为倾向关系研究

以中国文化转型为背景,以集体主义与个人主义核心价值观的变化为切入点,以自我构念和社会期望为测量指标,运用794份问卷调查数据与统计年鉴相关信息,实证检验了现代化对价值取向和行为倾向的影响.结果发现,以经济发展为主要表现的现代化是中国文化转型的内驱力,自我构念分为依赖、独立和个性3个维度,社会期望则包括坚持和妥协两维度.代表集体主义价值取向的依赖自我构念减弱,独立和个性自我构念则增强;依赖自我构念对妥协倾向有显著正向影响,对坚持倾向则有显著负向影响;独立和个性自我构念对行为倾向的影响多样.中国人在遇到自我与群体观点差异时,坚持自我而非向群体妥协的行为倾向日益增强.     

中国企业经营者价值取向:现状与特征--2004年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告

为及时了解中国企业经营者的状况与特征,进一步揭示企业经营者价值取向对企业发展可能产生的影响,中国企业家调查系统(CESS)组织实施了“2003年中国企业经营者问卷跟踪调查”。调查内容主要分为相互联系的4个部分,第一部分为企业经营者作为普通社会成员都会涉及的5个方面的价值取向,即品格、工作成就、法治、个人与社会关系、金钱权力等因素;第二部分为企业经营者的职业目标和生活目标的价值取向;第三部分为关于企业经营与发展的价值取向,涉及守法经营、企业价值观作用、企业成功等因素;最后一个部分为企业经营者关于企业家角色的价值取向。     

中庸思维、领导-成员交换与员工创新行为研究

员工创新行为不仅受到文化情景中思维和价值观的影响,还受到上下级关系的影响。基于领导-成员交换理论,构建中庸思维影响员工创新行为的理论模型,实证检验领导-成员交换的中介作用、差错反感文化的调节作用。对290份有效数据的研究结果表明:中庸思维与员工创新行为存在倒“U”型关系;领导-成员交换在中庸思维与员工创新行为的关系中发挥中介作用;差错反感文化负向调节中庸思维与领导-成员交换关系;高差错反感文化强化了中庸思维与领导-成员交换的倒“U”型关系,而在低差错反感文化下,倒“U”型关系变成“U”型关系。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.