基金行业锦标赛及其激励效应研究——来自开放式基金的经验证据

基金内部存在治理失衡的问题,市场竞争能否成为有效的外部治理机制?针对这一问题,本文以股票型和混合型开放式基金为样本,系统检查我国基金行业锦标赛及其经济影响.研究发现,我国基金行业存在锦标赛效应,且具有自身的特点.锦标赛机制的有效性受到股市周期的影响,存在时区效应;参与竞赛的输赢中各组基金的风险调整方式存在差异;输家与业绩中等基金的投资行为调整方向基本一致,而输赢家的投资行为的调整方向相反,幅度相近,主要体现在动量/反向、价值/成长投资风格;输家通过投资风格的改变使得期末业绩排名得到大幅改善,而赢家则出现大幅下滑.     

基金排名与主动性水平:理论与实证

基金排名广泛发表在各种媒体上,对资金流有重要影响,而主动性管理是共同基金最重要的特征。本文首次从理论和实证两方面对基金中期排名与后期主动性水平之间的关系进行了研究。在理论上,基于基金主动性管理的内在特征,本文建立了一个两期的锦标赛博弈模型。模型的纳什混合均衡策略显示,相对于中期排名靠后的输家基金,中期排名靠前的赢家基金会以更大的概率在后期提升其主动性水平。在实证上,基于2006年至2011年间开放式基金的历史数据,本文采用列联表检验与非平衡面板回归分析相结合的方法,从数据上证实了本文的理论分析结果。     

基金竞赛还是职业生涯关注?——对基金经理风险选择的实证研究

本文选取我国2004年-2009年开放式股票型基金,从基金经理职业生涯关注的角度,研究前期基金业绩相对排名对后期基金经理投资组合风险选择的影响,得出与基金竞赛理论不同的结论:前期业绩排名居前与靠后的基金,后期都会选择高风险.由于基金业绩相对排名与基金经理的从业经历决定了基金经理的职业生涯状况,由此引发职业生涯关注,导致前期业绩相对排名与风险选择之间存在正U型关系,并且基金经理从业经历越欠缺,U型关系越明显.     

谁在市场中赌博？基金博彩行为研究

本文研究了A股市场共同基金对彩票型股票的偏好。以2003-2018年的股票型基金和混合型基金为研究对象,本文发现,A股市场共同基金股票组合中平均持有约3.49%的彩票型股票,年轻、从业经验短、学历低的基金经理持有的彩票型股票更多;收益率越低、资金净流入越少、业绩排名下降幅度越大,即业绩压力越大的基金持有的彩票型股票越多。基金对彩票型股票的偏好在年末、投资者情绪更乐观时、预期市场收益偏度更高时更强。基金持有彩票型股票损害而非改善其业绩,且持有彩票型股票的基金在其他类型股票上的投资表现也相对较差,表明基金在彩票型股票上并无选股能力,更多因为博彩心理而持有此类股票,是否持有彩票型股票可作为基金整体投资能力的判别指标。     

基金业绩排名与期末业绩拉升

基于业绩关键排名对基金经理薪酬的影响和提高排名的难易程度这两个新视角,本文以2005～2016年中国开放式股票型基金和偏股混合型基金为样本,考察了业绩排名对基金期末业绩拉升行为的影响。研究发现,在2/3和9/10关键排名处的基金存在比其他基金更为明显的期末业绩拉升行为;另外,相邻排名基金的业绩差异越小,基金的期末业绩拉升程度越大。本文的发现不仅扩展了基金期末业绩拉升行为的研究,也对行业监管和基金投资具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。     

流动性、流动性风险与基金业绩——基于我国开放式基金的实证研究

本文构建了我国资本市场的流动性因子,从基金持有资产的角度度量基金的流动性及其风险,分别考察二者对业绩的影响,并在控制某些基金特征之后,从流动性效应、持续性等方面研究了二者对于业绩的综合影响。实证结果显示,流动性beta是一个有效的流动性风险测度,基金业绩中存在流动性溢价和流动性风险溢价,表明基金的流动性和流动性风险不仅可以预测业绩,还可用于识别基金经理是否具有主动管理能力,从而为投资者决策提供了有效的方法。     

相对业绩对投资基金风险承担行为的影响研究

本文把投资基金市场视为一系列的"联赛"建立了一个博弈模型,从理论上研究了相对业绩对投资基金风险承担行为的影响。在模型中,两个年中业绩不同的基金为了在年末即"联赛"结束时获得更多新的资金流入从而获得更多的报酬而相互竞争。与人们的直觉相反,我们发现在年末时年中业绩较好的基金反而比年中业绩较差的基金更可能选择风险水平较高的投资组合。而且,年中业绩的差距越大、风险资产的收益越高、波动越低,在年末时年中业绩较好的基金选择风险较高的投资组合的概率越大;相应地,在年末时年中业绩较差的基金选择风险较高的投资组合的概率越小。最后,我们运用博弈原理和行为金融理论对这些结论作了解释。     

独立董事、治理结构与中国契约型基金的绩效

本文以2002年中国契约型封闭式证券投资基金的相关数据为样本,分析了基金及基金管理公司治理结构特征、基金管理公司独立董事与基金业绩的关系,结果表明,基金管理公司董事会中具备金融、证券专业知识与工作经验的独立董事人数占董事会人数的比例越高,则基金业绩越高、基金净资产费用率越低,而全部独立董事人数占董事会人数比例的上述作用却并不显著;基金管理公司总经理在公司董事会中的地位越高,则对基金业绩的负向影响越大;基金管理公司董事会规模与基金会计业绩之间存在显著的倒U型曲线关系;而基金前十大持有人中,机构投资者所持有的基金比例对基金业绩及净资产费用率均无显著的影响。     

证券投资基金治理结构特征与绩效关系的经验研究

本文以2002年中国契约型封闭式证券投资基金的相关数据为样本,分析了基金及基金管理公司治理结构特征、基金管理公司独立董事与基金业绩的关系,结果表明：基金管理公司董事会中具备金融、证券专业知识与工作经验的独立董事人数占董事会人数的比例越高,则基金业绩越高、基金净资产费用率越低。而全部独立董事人数占董事会人数的比例的上述作用却并不显著;基金管理公司独立董事的平均年龄越高,则基金业绩越低;基金管理公司董事会规模与基金会计业绩之间存在显著的倒U型曲线关系。而与基金净资产费用率之间存在显著的U型曲线关系;证券公司持有基金管理公司股份的比例对基金业绩具有显著的负向影响;而基金前十大持有人中机构投资者持有基金的比例、基金管理公司及其股东持有基金的比例对基金业绩及净资产费用率均无显著的影响。本文同时还发现,基金管理公司董事会中具备金融、证券专业知识与工作经验的独立董事的比例越高。则当基金业绩较低时．基金管理公司董事会对基金经理的撤换的可能性越大。     

中国基金投资中“笨钱”现象的实证检验与判别

本文通过提出显著水平最优设定方法对已有的错误发现控制方法加以改进，以此确保基金业绩评估的准确可靠，并基于此对“笨钱”现象进行实证检验和判别。研究发现：（1）持有、申购绩劣或负收益基金是一类“笨钱”现象，在中国偏股型基金投资中普遍存在；但本文发现赎回正收益基金未必都是“笨钱”现象，其中赎回业绩表现具有持续性且没有下滑趋势的正收益基金的确是一种“笨钱”现象，而对业绩表现不具持续性或呈现逐年下滑之势的正收益基金进行赎回则不是“笨钱”现象。（2）基金管理规模和存续时长会对“笨钱”现象产生影响。（3）在多重统计检验过程中最优显著水平设定和错误发现控制等方面的表现，本文方法显著优于已有文献，而且本文方法还将有助于降低、甚至消除针对“笨钱”现象所存在的诸多争议和疑问。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and preview of productivity research and applications

During the last two decades, productivity research and applications have not been given adequate importance when trying to attain excellence in the management of manufacturing enterprises. Recent developments in managerial philosophies Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering , manufacturing technologies Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. and Information Technology innovations have made the traditional productivity improvement techniques obsolete. This article presents a review consisting of analyses of literature on productivity and a survey of manufacturing enterprises. A five-step preview strategy on productivity is enumerated which provides a meaningful direction towards future productivity research and application. The article is concluded by briefly describing the current research that is being carried out based on the preview strategy evolved.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.     

Additive and Multiplicative Models and Multistage Carcinogenesis Theory

In light of the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis theory, this paper examines the assumption that an additive relative risk relationship is indicative of two carcinogens that affect the same stage in the cancer process. We present formulas to compute excess cancer risks for a variety of patterns for limited exposure durations to two carcinogens that affect the first and penultimate stages; and using an index of synergy proposed by Thomas (1982), we find a number of these patterns to produce additive, or nearly additive, relative risk relationships. The consistent feature of these patterns is that the two exposure periods are of short duration and occur close together.