Fertility effects of child benefits

We exploit the 1996 reform of the German child benefit program to identify the causal effect of heterogeneous child benefits on fertility. While generally the reform increased child benefits, the exact amount of the increase varied by household income and the number of children. We use these heterogeneities to identify their causal effects on fertility in a difference-in-difference setting. We apply the large samples of the German Mikrozensus and the rich data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The reform effects on low-income couples are not statistically significant. We find some support for positive fertility effects for higher as opposed to lower income couples deciding on a second birth.     

Individual Income Inequality and Its Drivers in Indonesia: A Theil Decomposition Reassessment

This article employs a Theil decomposition analysis to examine various dimensions of income inequality, using the 2007 Indonesian Family Life Survey. The empirical strategy is based on the individual-level income data—instead of group means as in the existing literature—and thus accounts for within-group dispersion of individual incomes. The decomposition exercise reveals that income inequality across education levels constitutes about 13 % of total income inequality. The urban–rural and interprovincial dimensions individually explain 6.0–6.5 %, but the contribution of income inequality by genders appears to be negligible. The findings highlight educational reform as an effective redistributive policy.     

对性别收入歧视的经济学分析

自改革开放以来,女性就业的比例逐年增长,就业的范围也逐步扩大。但是男女平均收入的差别却逐渐增加。这种差别包含两方面:一、可解释的差异所导致的差别。二、不可解释的对女性的歧视所导致的差别。本文根据贝克尔的歧视理论,对收入性别歧视现象进行经济学分析,并结合目前我国对女性收入歧视的特点,提出反性别收入歧视的对策。     

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Korean Americans in the United States in 1980

"Based on the analysis of 1980 [U.S. Census] Public-Use Microdata Samples, this article demonstrates that the Korean immigrant stream, particularly men, has been very selective even before the 1965 reform.... Despite the educational superiority and somewhat positive occupational position, Korean men in the U.S. are seriously disadvantaged in income regardless of nativity status. Korean Americans are not as successful as whites in translating their education into occupation and income; they are better educated for the same job, but experience a lower income return to the same education and the same occupation."     

对社会保障经济增长效率和社会分配效率的思考

随着人口老龄化问题和一系列体制改革遗留问题的显现 ,我国社会保障问题被逐渐提上议程。现今 ,实际国情要求我国仍需坚持以经济建设为中心的发展战略 ,这就要求我们必须对社会保障的经济增长效率做一分析 ;与此同时 ,作为社会收入再分配的一种重要手段 ,社会保障担任着缩小我国较大的贫富差距的重任 ,所以就有必要分析将要实行的社会保障政策在社会收入再分配方面的效率。     

人口城镇化背景下的户籍制度变迁--石家庄市户籍制度改革案例分析

石家庄市的户籍制度改革坚持两个基本条件,即收入来源和住房,放开了7种人的入市条件,大大降低了农民进入大城市的门槛,解决了进城农民的户口问题,推进了城镇化速度,为我国户籍制度改革提供了值得借鉴的宝贵经验.这次改革的消极影响并没有人们想象的那么严重,出现的一些问题也将随着各项配套政策的实行得到解决.     

非正规就业者的境况得到改善了么?——来自1997-2011年CHNS数据的证据

为研究国有企业改革以来我国城镇非正规就业者的境遇变化,本文利用1997-2011年CHNS数据库,采用倾向得分匹配(PSM)方法,对城镇非正规就业者和正规就业者收入差距进行实证研究.结果发现,城镇非正规就业者与正规就业者收入存在显著差异,且呈现不断扩大的趋势,尤其是有雇工的非正规雇佣者、无雇工的非正规自雇者与正规就业者收入差距越来越大,表明我国城镇非正规就业者的生存境遇正不断恶化,劳动力市场向着不利于非正规就业的方向发展.这要求在劳动力市场改革中应充分考虑非正规就业者的生存空间,加大对非正规就业者的扶持力度的同时,注重非正规就业政策的差异性,减少劳动力市场扭曲对非正规就业者的影响.     

Welfare measurement in labour supply models with nonlinear budget constraints

This paper is concerned with the measurement of individual welfare in labour supply models which allow for the impact of income taxation and income support schemes on labour supply decisions. The paper is motivated by the concern over the need to have measures which can be interpreted easily, which can be compared with net income, and which can be meaningfully aggregated. To illustrate the issues we use estimates of a discrete choice model of labour supply for United Kingdom lone mothers to compute alternative welfare measures which might be considered as having intuitive appeal to policy-makers. We compute welfare change based on these measures arising from a recent reform of the child support payments system. Received: 25 February 1997/Accepted: 12 March 1998     

职位性别隔离与收入分层

本文旨在从职位隔离的角度考察性别不平等问题,并为性别收入分层提供新的解释.利用1978年-1988年的企业调查数据发现,由于存在纵向的职位性别隔离,使得同工同酬和男女收入差距这对看似矛盾的命题可以并行不悖.而来自2003、2006和2008年全国综合社会调查数据的证据表明,近十年来职位隔离对男女收入差距的作用上升,超过三分之一的性别收入差距是由于女性集中于职位“金字塔”结构的底端.因此,缩小男女收入差距,必须促进女性职业地位的上升.     

Pension reform, employment by age, and long-run growth

We study the effects of pension reform on hours worked by three active generations, education of the young, the retirement decision of older workers, and aggregate growth in a four-period OLG model. The model explains important facts well for many OECD countries. Our simulation results prefer an intelligent pay-as-you-go system above a fully funded private system. Positive effects on employment and growth are the strongest when the pay-as-you-go system includes a tight link between individual labor income and the pension, and when it attaches a high weight to labor income earned as an older worker to compute the pension assessment base.     

欧盟劳动力税收和救济金制度改革及其影响

欧洲传统的福利制度造成了贫困陷阱和财政陷阱的产生,为了增加劳动力供给和鼓励就业,欧盟对劳动力税收和救济金制度进行了全面的改革。欧盟主要针对失业保险制度和社会救济金政策、最低工资政策、提前退休制度、个人所得税和社会保险税减免政策以及对有孩子家庭的激励政策等方面进行了改革。对改革的成效分析可以清楚地看到改革对劳动力供给和需求所带来的影响和效果。     

基于Gini系数和Theil’s标准的陕西省城乡居民收入差距研究

城乡统筹发展是西部大开发的重点问题之一。研究陕西城乡收入差距问题对于制定西部大开发下城乡统筹发展具有借鉴意义。通过利用基尼系数和泰尔熵标准。精确测算了陕西省城乡居民高、中、低层次收入差距,发现改革开放以来陕西省城乡居民收入差距总体上呈上升趋势。到2002年达到阶段性的峰值。弥补了以往定性分析研究的缺陷。并提出解决陕西省城乡统筹发展的对策。     

Anticipatory caregiving anxiety among older women and men

This study, based on a sample of 221 older women and men, explores factors associated with anticipatory caregiving anxiety using a scale developed by Cicirelli (1988). Results show that even the anticipation of providing care evokes anxiety. We find that women have higher levels of anxiety than men, individuals who have served as caregivers have higher levels of anxiety than individuals who have never provided care to family members, and that individuals who are in better health and have more income have lower levels of anxiety than those with less health or income. Implications for services to support caregivers and long-term care reform are discussed.     

中国出境旅游人口规模的增长、原因及趋势

旅游是一种人口流动,而国际旅游则是人口的跨越国界的流动。随着改革开放和社会经济的发展,中国出境旅游人口的规模迅速增长。收入的提高、休闲时间的增加、政府促进旅游发展的政策是中国出境旅游人口规模迅速增长的重要原因。未来中国出境旅游人口的规模将以更快的速度扩大。     

制度变迁中的城镇居民消费行为研究——基于预防性储蓄理论的分析

中国改革进程中产生的不确定性外部环境深刻影响着中国居民的消费行为。30年的经济改革过程中就业制度、收入分配制度、住房制度、医疗制度、教育制度等一系列的改革打破了计划经济体制下城镇居民的零风险预期，导致居民的支出和收入不确定性预期迅速增加，流动性约束进一步加剧了这种不确定性预期。努力提高居民收入，健全完善社会保障制度，促进消费信贷发展，是减少居民不确定性预期、促进居民消费增长的必要途径。     

影响牧区牧民幸福感因素的实证研究——天祝藏族自治县调查报告

改革开放以来。我国经济建设取得了辉煌成就,目前,部分地区甚至一些大城市的人均收入已赶上发达国家．但其总体幸福水平不尽人意。相反,有调查显示收入水平明显大幅度低于城市居民的农民。其生活满意感超过了城市居民。出现了“幸福悼论”现象。本文依据贫困牧区县的调查资料,运用ordered logit model对牧民幸福感同收入及若干非经济因素之间关系的维度和强度进行了考量。在假定牧区宗教及文化习俗对牧民的幸福感均有恒定影响的前提下,分析结果显示．牲畜数量是牧民的主要幸福源泉;牧区女性的幸福感要明显低于男性;牧民收入水平尚较低的情况下。人均年收入同幸福感显著正相关;牧民自身的教育投入对幸福感的提高起抑制作用：以30岁为拐点．牧区成年人和老年人的幸福感相对低于青年人;遇到资金周转困难时,银行对牧民家庭的贷款有助于改善幸福状况：物质条件对幸福感不具有明显的影响。     

中国初次收入分配格局的变动与问题——以劳动报酬占GDP份额为视角

文章收集并使用1978年以来有关数据,具体研究和分析改革开放以来中国劳动报酬占GDP份额的变动状况。按照国际通用的方法,文章对中国劳动报酬数据进行了调整,结果发现,与调整前劳动报酬占GDP份额出现显著下降不同,调整后劳动报酬份额在改革开放以来的大部分时间内保持了相对稳定,仅仅在最近几年开始出现明显下降。中国初次收入分配格局存在的问题不是劳动报酬占GDP份额的下降,而是这一比例水平长期过低,初次收入分配格局似乎陷入了一种低水平稳定状态。作者认为,劳动报酬占GDP份额低是一种不利于劳动者的收入分配格局。     

中国城市居民劳动供给行为特征

经过40多年的改革开放和计划生育政策实施,我国城市居民家庭规模、家庭财富、受教育程度等影响劳动供给行为的因素均发生了巨大变化。这种变化对就业政策的制定和相关福利政策的实施都有较大影响。运用来自29个省市6675个城市家庭、8771个居民的调查数据对我国城市居民劳动供给行为进行了研究。结果表明:我国城市居民劳动供给曲线整体上呈现向右上方倾斜的特征,随着工资上涨,劳动者工作时间随之增长,但是工资弹性仅有0.52,处于缺乏弹性的区间;分类型看,女性、户主、受教育程度较低者工资弹性较大,对工资变动更加敏感;女性、户主、受教育程度较高者收入弹性更大,对收入变动更加敏感;分年龄阶段看,18—30岁的新生代劳动力工作时间受工资和非工资收入影响均不显著,31—45岁的劳动力比45岁以上劳动力工资弹性和收入弹性更高,对工资和非工资收入更加敏感。本文的研究结果对细化实施就业政策和制定相关福利政策具有一定启示作用。     

农村纯女户再生育意愿的经济学思考

当前,农村纯女户的再生育意愿强烈已经成为制约低生育水平稳定的一个突出因素。通过实地调查分析,笔者认为,发展农村经济,增加农民收入,完善农村社会制度,变革农村婚嫁模式,建立农村社会养老保障机制是切实转变农村纯女户生育意愿、稳定低生育水平的有效措施。