Review of Regulatory Emphasis on Transportation Safety in the United States, 2002–2009: Public versus Private Modes

The U.S. Department of Transportation is responsible for implementing new safety improvements and regulations with the goal of ensuring limited funds are distributed to where they can have the greatest impact on safety. In this work, we conduct a study of new regulations and other reactions (such as recalls) to fatal accidents in several different modes of transportation implemented from 2002 to 2009. We find that in the safest modes of commercial aviation and bus transport, the amount of spending on new regulations is high in relation to the number of fatalities compared to the regulatory attention received by less safe modes of general aviation and private automobiles. Additionally, we study two major fatal accident investigations from commercial aviation and two major automotive recalls associated with fatal accidents. We find differences in the cost per expected fatality prevented for these reactions, with the airline accident investigations being more cost effective. Overall, we observe trends in both the automotive and aviation sectors that suggest that public transportation receives more regulatory attention than private transport. We also observe that the types of safety remedies utilized, regulation versus investigation, have varying levels of effectiveness in different transport modes. We suggest that these differences are indicative of increased public demand for safety in modes where a third party may be held responsible, even for those not participating in the transportation. These findings have important implications for the transportation industry, policymakers, and for estimating the public demand for safety in new transport modes.     

Multimodal hub location and hub network design

Through observations from real life hub networks, we introduce the multimodal hub location and hub network design problem. We approach the hub location problem from a network design perspective. In addition to the location and allocation decisions, we also study the decision on how the hub networks with different possible transportation modes must be designed. In this multimodal hub location and hub network design problem, we jointly consider transportation costs and travel times, which are studied separately in most hub location problems presented in the literature. We allow different transportation modes between hubs and different types of service time promises between origin–destination pairs while designing the hub network in the multimodal problem. We first propose a linear mixed integer programming model for this problem and then derive variants of the problem that might arise in certain applications. The models are enhanced via a set of effective valid inequalities and an efficient heuristic is developed. Computational analyses are presented on the various instances from the Turkish network and CAB data set.     

Accidents and Unpleasant Incidents: Worry in Transport and Prediction of Travel Behavior

Worry on nine different means of transport was measured in a Norwegian sample of 853 respondents. The main aim of the study was to investigate differences in worry about accidents and worry about unpleasant incidents, and how these two sorts of worry relate to various means of transport as well as transport behavior. Factor analyses of worry about accidents suggested a division between rail transport, road transport, and nonmotorized transport, whereas analyses of worry about unpleasant incidents suggested a division between transport modes where you interact with other people and "private" transport modes. Moreover, mean ratings of worry showed that respondents worried more about accidents than unpleasant incidents on private transport modes, and more about unpleasant incidents than accidents on public transport modes. Support for the distinction between worry about accidents and unpleasant incidents was also found when investigating relationships between both types of worry and behavioral adaptations: worry about accidents was more important than worry about unpleasant incidents in relation to behavioral adaptations on private means of transport, whereas the opposite was true for public means of transport. Finally, predictors of worry were investigated. The models of worry about accidents and worry about unpleasant incidents differed as to what predictors turned out significant. Knowledge about peoples' worries on different means of transport is important with regard to understanding and influencing transport and travel behavior, as well as attending to commuters' welfare.     

Collaboration with Caveats: Research–Practice Exchange in Planning

Abstract

Researcher and practitioner collaboration in urban planning is both critical to good outcomes and problematic to achieve in reality. Collaboration has the potential for new partnerships, better research problem definition, improved research design and greater impact on practice and policy. However, politics, stakeholder agendas and funding bodies bring pressures and constraints, for which research professionals require a broader set of skills to manage. We examine researcher–practitioner collaboration as part of an action research project on urban greening in Australia. Focusing on a stakeholder engagement workshop, we examine the mechanisms used to overcome barriers to research-practice exchange. We find overt consideration of common barriers to access and use of research when planning collaboration exercises can help facilitate more productive engagement, creating spaces for mutual understanding and generating shared objectives. However, we also find that efforts at collaboration challenge traditional research practices, involve tensions and caveats, and require a different mode of researcher engagement.     

Management of Energy Technology for Sustainability: How to Fund Energy Technology Research and Development

Operations management methods have been applied profitably to a wide range of technology portfolio management problems, but have been slow to be adopted by governments and policy makers. We develop a framework that allows us to apply such techniques to a large and important public policy problem: energy technology R&D portfolio management under climate change. We apply a multi‐model approach, implementing probabilistic data derived from expert elicitations into a novel stochastic programming version of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We note that while the unifying framework we present can be applied to a range of models and data sets, the specific results depend on the data and assumptions used and therefore may not be generalizable. Nevertheless, the results are suggestive, and we find that the optimal technology portfolio for the set of projects considered is fairly robust to different specifications of climate uncertainty, to different policy environments, and to assumptions about the opportunity cost of investing. We also conclude that policy makers would do better to over‐invest in R&D rather than under‐invest. Finally, we show that R&D can play different roles in different types of policy environments, sometimes leading primarily to cost reduction, other times leading to better environmental outcomes.     

多项目人力资源调度实证研究

针对某公寓大修项目,建立有关人力资源约束下的多项目进度管理问题混合整数规划模型。其中考虑了多种约束,如项目对人员能力、水平的不同要求,而人员又具有多种能力及水平;目标为满足约束的条件下总成本最小化,其中包含按时间计费的工资,和福利等的固定费用。为了简化计算,采用列生成法把复杂的多项目模型分解为一个主问题和多个子问题并协调主问题和子问题求解。同时由于子问题的复杂性难以精确求解,采用启发式算法求解:首先由基于优先原则的启发式方法给出问题的初始解,再由遗传算法寻优。最后通过该实际案例的应用,表明此方法能够快速有效的解决实际问题,给决策者提供信息,帮助指导实践。     

Non‐dominated Time‐Window Policies in City Distribution

Urban freight contributes significantly to pollution, noise disturbance, traffic congestion, and safety problems in city centers. In many cities, local governments have introduced policy measures, in particular time‐access restrictions, to alleviate these problems. However, setting time windows is very challenging due to the conflicting interests and objectives of the stakeholders involved. In this article, we examine whether it is possible to develop time‐window policies that enhance environmental sustainability and distribution efficiencies, while meeting the objectives of the municipalities. We develop a framework for balancing retailer (costs), municipality (satisfaction), and environmental (emissions) objectives, using data envelopment analysis, under different urban time‐window policies. The approach is illustrated by a case study of three Dutch retail organizations, with a large number of stores affected by such time windows. On the basis of an evaluation of 99 different time‐window policies, our results show that harmonizing time windows between neighboring cities leads to the best overall performance. The currently used time‐window policy appears to perform reasonably well, but can be improved on all dimensions . However, harmonizing time‐window policies may be difficult to realize in practice.     

城市低碳交通体系对能源消费结构的影响研究——来自中国十四个城市的面板数据经验

节能减排的重要性已成为国际社会的共识,我国也积极改善城市公共交通体系来控制碳排放。本文搜集了中国十四个城市近10年的面板数据,构建随机效应变系数模型,研究了城市低碳交通体系发展对能源消费结构的影响,研究发现：政府可以利用公共交通定价策略影响消费者偏好,从而实现能源消费结构的优化;城市低碳交通体系中轨道交通对能源消费结构优化有显著性促进作用;公共汽（电）车对能源消费结构的影响会随城市发展程度增加而降低;交通部门可通过限行、限购及加收停车费等方式提高传统汽车购买及出行成本,影响私人汽车保有量,从而减少能源消费结构优化的阻碍。政府应该加大财政补贴力度,补贴由购置补贴转向研发和运营基础设施补贴,改善轨道交通及合理的公共汽（电）车运营体系,提高新能源汽车研发投入,鼓励高能量密度低电耗技术的发展,提高居民对新能源乘用车的需求,优化能源消费结构。     

基于惩罚机制的公——铁联运企业行为的协调

本文研究独立公路、铁路运输企业开展联合运输,独立制定运输计划,合理分配运能的协作问题。由于成本结构的不同,分散决策时,不同类型的分运人决策有Pareto改进的余地。考虑到需求的不确定性,运用博弈理论构建了两区段分运人企业衔接式联运的纵向博弈模型。结合集中一体化决策,分别分析了有第三方惩罚控制和无第三方惩罚控制时,分散决策的冲突行为及其变化特征。研究显示通过合理惩罚参数P_I^o和P_II^u的设计,可以使分散决策中的两企业的能力达到集中决策的效果,两企业的行为得到协调。论文进一步对惩罚机制的合理适用范围进行了探讨,发现对于分运人I,制定过高的惩罚反而会降低整体系统的最终能力。而对于分运人II,制定较高的惩罚则有助于抑制其运能供给不足的行为。最后,通过算例分析验证了相关结论的正确性。     

Transportnetzgestaltung für Paketdienstleister

Zusammenfassung  In diesem Beitrag entwickeln wir ein Hub-Location-Modell zur Bestimmung der Standorte von Hubs aus einer gegebenen Menge von Depots. Mit einer stufenf?rmigen Transportkostenfunktion erhalten wir die effiziente Kombination von Fahrzeugen bestimmter Typen von einem oder mehreren Verkehrstr?gern. Ferner berücksichtigen wir direkte Transporte und die Regellaufzeit der einzelnen Transporte. In Anlehnung an ein vorhandenes Transportnetz eines Paketdienstleisters demonstrieren wir die Anwendbarkeit des Ansatzes.

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Transportation network design for parcel service provider

Summary  In this paper we develop a hub location model to determine the locations of hubs from a given set of depots. Applying a stepwise transport cost function, we get the efficient combination of certain types of vehicles by one or more modes of transport. Furthermore, we consider direct transports and a maximum transit time. Based on an existing transportation network of a parcel service provider, the applicability of the model is shown.

     

激励性和惩罚性交通拥堵治理政策的比较——基于动态演化博弈模型及仿真分析

随着城市化的快速发展,城市人口越来越多,私家车保有量急剧增长,这使得城市道路拥堵问题变得越来越严重,拥堵问题成为了城市健康可持续发展的重要阻碍。为了缓解交通拥堵,城市管理者基于不同的治理思路提出并实施了多项治理政策。本文从博弈论的角度阐述了交通拥堵的形成,并建立了一个出行者交通方式选择行为的演化博弈模型,揭示了不同治理措施对城市交通拥堵问题施加影响的过程,并对这些影响的结果做出了解释。该演化模型将出行者整体分为两类,一类表现为公交偏好,另一类为私家车偏好,我们分析在不同的交通拥堵治理政策下,出行者选择不同出行模式的成本和收益,得到随政策变化的收益矩阵,并分析两类出行者在不同政策下的演化稳定策略。为了更为直观地对演化过程及结果进行分析,我们对该模型进行了仿真模拟,最终发现惩罚和激励措施都能缓解交通拥堵,但在迅速性和持久性上,惩罚性措施比激励性措施更为有效。     

A SIMULATION MODEL OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF A STATE1

This paper describes a simulation model to estimate the enrollments and expenditures associated with various policy alternatives for the post-secondary education system of a state, with Indiana as an example. Enrollments, operating expenditures, and construction costs are predicted for every public and private school for each year until 1985. The basic model-building technique employed is regression analysis on historical data, but it is supplemented by other quantitative techniques and by experts' predictions. The model may be used to predict “most likely” future enrollments and costs, to perform sensitivity analyses to better understand the impact of various exogenous variables upon the system, and to evaluate possible policy alternatives. Including all of the schools in a state makes possible the evaluation of policy alternatives such as possible configurations of new two-year public schools, the effect of tuition changes, and the effect of enrollment ceilings for larger state universities.     

Managing the Coordination of Social Services in the Mixed Economy of Welfare: Competition,Cooperation or Common Cause?

This paper explores the issue of the coordination of public services in conditions of plural service provision. It does this by focusing on the example of personal social services provision by local authorities in the UK. Specifically it explores the evolving relationship between these authorities and voluntary and non-profit organizations. It does so by using the models of markets, hierarchies and clans with which to examine the implications of different modes of service coordination. The paper argues that this is an important approach for helping us to understand the evolving nature of the management of plural public services in the UK.     

The More You Give,the More You Get? The Impact of Corporate Political Activity on the Value of Government Contracts

Firms have been relying on corporate political activity (CPA) to achieve access and to affect public policy change for decades. Most research on CPA and public policy outcomes has implicitly assumed that access afforded by CPA results in an either‐ or (dichotomous) policy outcome such as votes or election outcomes. Based on recent research on how CPA can be a strategic signal to government agencies, however, it is possible that CPA may in fact, have a linear association with public policy outcomes as opposed to merely a dichotomous one, and we explore this relationship in the unique public policy context of government contract awards. We specifically analyze how higher levels of CPA impact the financial value of government contracts awarded to firms. Utilizing the S&P 1500 sample for 16 years (1997–2012) we find that CPA has a one to one association with the value of contract awards, indicating that CPA and public policy outcomes can be linked in ways that motivate firms to continuously invest in CPA, to maximize their political rents. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this finding in light of extant research on CPA and its direct impact on public policy outcomes.     

RAILROADS AND GROWTH IN PRUSSIA

We study the effect of railroad access on urban population growth. Using GIS techniques, we match triennial population data for roughly 1,000 cities in 19th‐century Prussia to georeferenced maps of the German railroad network. We find positive short‐ and long‐term effects of having a station on urban growth for different periods during 1840–1871. Causal effects of (potentially endogenous) railroad access on city growth are identified using propensity score matching, instrumental variables, and fixed‐effects estimation techniques. Our instrument identifies exogenous variation in railroad access by constructing straight‐line corridors between nodes. Counterfactual models using pre‐railroad growth yield no evidence to support the hypothesis that railroads appeared as a consequence of a previous growth spurt.     

Bypassing Publicity for Getting Things Done: Between Informal and Formal Planning Practices in Finland

This article contributes to the discussion concerning the ways in which network governance and classical-modernist government practices juxtapose and redefine the idea of publicity in planning practices. Through Finnish urban planning cases we ask what kind of publicity is being promoted. We argue that new modes of governing build and employ institutional ambiguity for ‘getting things done’. This provides possibilities to ‘skim the cream’ of the best possible ways of resolving present planning issues. The crucial question is whether the possible positive outcomes give a mandate to the process, even if the process operates in a democratic void.     

Executive catalysts: Predicting sustainable organizational performance amid complex demands

We propose a conceptual model to better understand core capacities that equip some executives to be effective catalysts of organizational performance over time. Drawing on constructivist theory of ego development, we suggest that the combined effects of self differentiation/complexity and self-integration are individual level predictors of being an effective catalyst. We assert that capacity for meaning making at the individual level is a prerequisite for the type of sense giving that coordinates stakeholder actions. From coordinated action outstanding leadership performance becomes possible. We link our contribution with leadership theory on the importance of vision and complexity. We offer measures and propositions to support empirical testing. We also address directions and implications for further research with emphasis on how executives may develop these capacities.     

Resource utilization as an internal driver of alliance portfolio evolution: The Qatar Airways case (1993–2010)

This article aims to understand the role played by resource utilization levels as a driver of alliance portfolio evolution over time. Based on our theoretical framework and on a case study of Qatar Airways (199.3–2010), we develop insights into the micro-dynamics of resource structuring in firms that possess an alliance portfolio. Our research shows that firms can create either their own or network resources with different deployment modes according to their resource utilization levels to remain profitable. We also emphasize that optimized resource utilization is a key driver of resource-structuring efforts in firms. Finally, we show that based on the focal firm's life cycle phase, the level of resource utilization changes and leads to various resource-structuring mechanisms that can be observed at the alliance portfolio level.     

Defining the Creole City by Walking: The Case of La Réunion

ABSTRACT

This paper presents exploratory work to understand the characterisation of the ‘Creole city’ inLa Réunion, through an analysis of three renovated districts. The purpose is to inform urbanrenewal programmes so that they take better account of local lifestyles and needs. Theresearch on representations and symbols involves a method to collect and analyse data thatcombines in situ situations and a strong day-to-day approach, namely, walking. This method,that may be used elsewhere, reveals the functioning qualities of traditional Creole cities as anurbanity that is adapted to its environment, and based on proximity and soft transport modes.     

Strategic Alliance Research in the Era of Digital Transformation: Perspectives on Future Research

The emerging digital transformation in the twenty‐first century is rapidly and significantly changing the business landscape. The fast‐changing activities, expectations and new modes of collaboration suggest it is time to review the current theoretical insights from strategic alliance (SA) research, which are based on assumptions from a different era. We therefore aim to stimulate multidisciplinary debate and theoretical reflections to better understand emerging paradoxes and challenges that contemporary firms face in the formation, evolution and dissolution of strategic alliances. Specifically, we offer alternative visions of SA research and suggest fresh applications or supplements of existing theoretical perspectives and research methods that can better address the research questions emerging from an era of digital transformation.