中国省际人口迁移的地缘效应与驱动机制:男女有别吗?

文章基于空间OD模型和“六普”人口省际迁移流数据,研究中国人口省际迁移流的地缘效应、驱动机制与男女差异.文章得出的主要结论:(1)中国人口迁移流内含显著的空间依赖,其中迁出、迁入地独立的空间自相关效应促进人口迁移,而迁出地-迁入地交互的空间自相关效应阻碍人口迁移.(2)总体上,中国人口省际迁移流受迁出地推力作用弱于迁入地的拉力作用,表明人口迁移更多是出于对迁入地的“美好预期”,而非对迁出地的“过度抱怨”.(3)人口迁移流的驱动机制有显著的性别差异:女性迁移流受驱动因子的影响强于男性,女性的失业风险、就业歧视更为明显;男性在人口迁移的空间选择上受空间依赖的影响强于女性,这与性别禀赋和社会环境有关.     

中国人口迁移的空间形态变化分析

文章根据2000年中国人口普查资料和历次人口调查资料,对过去50年间的人口分布及各地区人口迁移的空间形态变化进行综合分析。作者采用RobertoBachi的迁移人口偏好指数研究省际人口迁移及西部和其他地区人口迁移的形态变化,并根据一些选择因素,如迁移距离、本地人口、本地经济发展水平、地区投资、工业结构、就业率及失业率、政府政策、自然资源与环境、教育和其他一些地区性社会经济要素,建立Narayana人口迁移的修正模型,并简要讨论了与中国西部大开发和入口迁移相关的一些政策措施。     

我国人口迁移过程中的空间效应实证研究

在引力方程的框架下,基于O?D模型,针对现有研究忽视空间效应的现状,利用空间计量方法对我国人口迁移中的空间效应进行了实证研究。分析结果表明,引入空间效应后,不仅能够较好地解释我国人口在省际间的迁移,而且可以更深入地了解我国现阶段各省区间人口迁移的机制和方式。这不但是对人口迁移理论的有益扩展,对我国东西部地区人口合理流动,协调区域经济发展更是具有深刻的意义。     

内蒙古的人口迁移

随着人口学研究工作的深入,少数民族地区的人口迁移问题也引起政府有关部门及专家学者们的极大关注。为了搞清楚人口迁移活动在少数民族地区社会经济的发展和人口增长中所起的作用,我们在内蒙古自治区有关部门的支持下,于1984年在内蒙古自治区进行了一次计划生育与迁移的抽样调查。本文将通过对这次调查中迁移资料的分析,来研究和探讨自1947年内蒙古自治区成立以来的人口迁移特征。     

国内人口迁移流动的演变趋势:国际经验及其对中国的启示

文章从人口迁移流动的不同形式及其演变趋势、中国国内人口迁移整体强度的国际对比、人口迁移流动的微观生命过程、以及人口循环流动的发生发展机制和近期演变等4个方面回顾了国际上对人口迁移流动演变趋势及其机制的相关研究,并根据从中获得的借鉴和启示对中国人口迁移流动的未来走势做出判断,认为目前我国人口在区域和乡城间迁移流动的减缓更多预示的是人口迁移流动形式的改变,而不是其整体规模和强度的下降,后者还有着相当大的上升空间;今后仍不可忽视针对迁移流动人口的各种公共服务的转移、接续问题,并要根据人口迁移流动形式的变化,尤其是人口在城市间和城市内部迁移流动上升的新形势,与时俱进地改进流动人口的管理和服务工作.     

80年代中国人口迁移的性别差异研究

<正> 一、导言由于历史和传统的原因,男性和女性在社会经济发展过程中所扮演的家庭和社会角色具有很大的差异,这种差异也必然反映在人口迁移领域,特别是人口迁移的选择性方面。早在19世纪末期,E.G.雷文斯坦就在迁移规律中指出,女性以短距离迁移为主,而且女性比男性更具有迁移性。而已有的有关中国人口迁移选择性的研究,说明男性和女性在迁移方面确实存在一定的差异。随着80年代中国社会经济的迅速发展,中国人口迁移也日益活跃;而1987年全国1%人口抽样调查和1990年人口普查,第一次提供了中国人口迁移的详细数据,使我们能够分析中国人口迁移的基本状况。因此,本文将以省为基本单位,对中国人口迁移     

1985～2000年我国人口迁移对区域经济差异的均衡作用研究

经济体制改革后的区域经济差异持续扩大是促动我国人口迁移空前活跃的主要因素 ,而日趋活跃的人口迁移亦对经济社会的发展及区域差异变动产生了深刻的影响。本文的研究将人口迁移与区域经济结合起来 ,通过测算我国 1 985～ 1 990、 1 990～ 1 995和 1 995～ 2 0 0 0年各省区在人口迁移前后“人口-GDP”的基尼系数变化趋势 ,验证人口迁移对区域经济发展不均衡的减缓作用。在此基础上 ,测算相应时段区域经济均衡发展情况下的各区域理论人口规模和人口迁移潜力 ,并分析了我国迁移人口的释放速度。     

中国九十年代地区间人口迁移的实态及其机制

依据各种人口调查资料,对９０年代地区间人口迁移的实态进行了定量描述,并利用人口迁移模型对省际间人口迁移量的要因进行了计量分析。主要结论如下：①长期迁往乡外、县外的人口始于改革开放初期,并伴随改革开放的深化而不断扩大;②在迁移总量不断扩大的同时,迁移人口的迁出地结构和流向都在发生变化;③迁移人口占总人口的比率与经济发展水平有着非常强的正相关关系,但总迁移人口中迁往省（市区）外的比率却与经济发展水平呈负相关关系;④省际间人口迁移量的计算分析结果显示：省际间的人口迁移量主要受迁移人口存量因素的影响,经济发展水平或收入水平的相对差异只是迁移的前提条件而非决定因素,距离的远近和成长率水平的相对差异分别对省际人口迁移量有负面和正面影响,但并非十分重要     

论我国近期省际人口迁移的形势

<正> 人口迁移是一个国家或地区的社会,经济和人口发展的结果;一个国家或地区人口迁移量的多少或人口总迁移率的大小是这个国家或地区社会和经济发展水平的标志之一。根据第四次人口普查有关省际人口迁移的数据,我们看到:我国在八十年代后半期的省际人口迁移与八十年代前半期相比,发生了显著的变化。1990年7月1日进行的第四次人口普查在我国的人口普查史上第一次设立了有关迁移的项目,为研究我国从1985年7月1日至1990年6月30日的人口迁移状况提供了比较翔实、可靠的材料。这次人口普查所统计的省际迁移人口是指在这五年间离开了1985年7月1日时的省(自治区、直辖市)外常住地一年以上、在1990年6月30日时的现住地居住了一年以上或不满一年的人口。需要说明的是,第四次人口普查对5周岁以下和普查时已死去的人口的迁移状况均未进行统计,这就造成了对这五年间省际迁移人口的低估。     

常住人口迁移与上海城市发展研究

文章定量说明“移民城市”是上海大都市的重要特征,人口迁移是城市发展的巨大引擎。近5年来,上海市常住人口迁移数量大约为户籍人口迁移的6.3倍,常住人口迁移比户籍人口迁移对城市经济增长的贡献率更高。作者指出,传统的建立在户籍制度上的人口迁移统计和人口管理体制已经不适应,并将越来越不能适应人口研究、分区域人口预测和城市动态管理的需要;提出完善常住人口迁移统计,需要积极引导人口迁移促进城市发展,需要大力推动城市户籍体制等人口管理制度的改革。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.