最低生活保障支出对缩小居民收入差距效果的实证研究

消除居民收入差距是政府和社会各界共同的愿望,最低生活保障制度作为政府财政向贫困人群的直接转移支出,是最重要的收入再分配政策之一。本文基于2007²011年全国省级面板数据,在验证我国经济发展存在"库兹涅茨曲线"特征的基础上,运用FE面板数据计量经济学方法,对最低生活保障支出对缩小城市、农村以及城乡之间居民收入差距的影响效应进行实证分析。结果表明,城市最低保障支出显著扩大了城乡居民收入差距,并使城市基尼系数有增加的趋势,而农村低保支出则显著降低了城乡居民收入差距。在控制变量中,城镇基本养老保险覆盖面扩大,有助于降低城乡居民收入差距,而城市化既会降低城乡居民收入差距,也会加大城市基尼系数。总体上,我国经济发展正处于基尼系数上升阶段,短期内随着经济不断发展,收入差距呈现出必然的上升趋势,而最低生活保障制度对缩小居民收入差距的作用非常有限,未来加强其他收入分配政策的调整与改革,任务还很艰巨。     

我国城镇化水平收敛性——理论假说与实证研究

以经济收敛理论为基础对我国31个省区1990-2013年城镇化水平的收敛性进行分析.通过设置多种空间权重矩阵将空间效应纳入计量模型,实证结果表明:我国城镇化水平存在显著的空间正相关,地理距离因素是影响城镇化空间相关性的主要因素;地区城镇化水平不存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,单纯靠市场的自我调节机制难以缩小区域差距,政府应适当加强宏观调控作用;控制变量的引入加快了城镇化率的发散速度,与理论预期相反的是,经济发展水平对城镇化增长率存在负向影响,区域间经济水平差距过大是加快城镇化水平发散的重要原因.     

中国城镇化与环境污染排放:基于投入产出的分析

文章在阐释城镇化对污染排放影响内涵的基础上,基于投入产出分析方法,构建城乡居民人均消费完全排污系数以分析城镇化对污染排放的影响,并对中国1997～2007年数据进行了分析。研究表明,城镇居民人均消费完全排污系数远大于农村居民,二者均随时间呈现不断下降的趋势,但农村居民下降幅度更大。城乡居民人均消费规模差异是其化学需氧量、二氧化硫完全排放系数差异的主要原因,2007年其贡献率分别达到94.07%、90.16%。城镇化效应对1997～2007年中国消费引致化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放呈现持续的增效应。最后,基于2007年数据对城镇化的污染排放影响的测算表明,城镇化率每增加1个百分点,工业化学需氧量、工业二氧化硫排放分别增长0.48%、0.44%,十二五期间的城镇化进程将给减排目标的完成增加较大的工作难度。     

对外贸易、FDI与城乡居民收入及差距——基于省际面板数据的协整研究

文章利用省际面板数据,分析了改革开放对中国城乡居民收入及其差距的影响.实证结果表明,贸易开放和外资开放都会带来城镇和农村居民实际收入的提高,且外资对城乡居民收入的拉动作用要大于外贸;对于城乡之间的收入差距,贸易开放和外资开放都表现出了明显的弥合效应.     

吉林省推进以人为中心的新型城镇化研究

新型城镇化建设作为我国的一项重要发展战略是普惠民生以及促进国民经济健康可持续发展的重要途径。习近平总书记在党的十八届五中全会上明确提出坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,这在新时期赋予了新型城镇化建设更为深刻的内涵。吉林省作为我国重要的商品粮基地和老工业基地,在新时期面临着经济下行的压力,而推进新型城镇化建设对于促进吉林省经济增长、产业结构调整以及城乡统筹发展具有重大意义。然而近年来在推进新型城镇化建设的过程中出现了城乡居民收入差距加大、城镇化率增长速度缓慢、城镇化建设水平较低、就业结构不合理等一系列问题。这些困境主要是由农业现代化发展缓慢、各地级市差异化的区位特征、体制机制的不健全以及产业结构的不合理等因素造成的。本文提出要推进吉林省的新型城镇化建设,必须坚持以人为中心的发展原则,综合运用创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念,以刘易斯二元经济理论为指导,因地制宜地推进吉林省中东西部地区城镇化协调发展,积极发展现代农业,推进城乡协调发展,建立健全体制机制,提升城镇化建设水平,调整产业结构,创新产业发展模式等方式,最终提高吉林省以人为中心的新型城镇化建设水平。     

城市农民工社会保障与市民化意愿

在考察城市农民工社会保障状况的基础上,利用2011年全国流动人口抽样调查数据和二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型,定量分析我国城市农民工社会保障对其市民化意愿的影响。研究发现,就业保障、社会保险、住房保障及教育保障等社会保障状况对城市农民工市民化意愿具有显著正向影响,其中尤以养老保险和子女教育等社会保障状况的影响更显著。城市农民工的年龄、婚姻状况、受教育水平等个人属性特征与迁入地发展水平、城乡收入差距等其他社会经济要素对其市民化意愿也有明显影响,年龄越大、在婚、受教育水平越高的农民工市民化意愿越强烈;迁入越发达地区的农民工市民化意愿越大;城乡收入差距越大,农民工市民化意愿越大。要实施新型城镇化规划,推进农民工市民化进程,首先要努力提高其社会保障水平,特别要改善和提高农民工养老保险和子女教育的状况和水平;同时要缩小城乡收入差距,把新型城镇化规划中的实现"1亿农民工市民化"重点放在东部地区。     

教育投入与社会保障对城乡收入差距的联合影响

当前城乡收入差距扩大化趋势引起广泛关注。文章使用世代交叠模型研究公共教育和社会保障对收入分配的作用机制,在此基础上分析公共教育和社会保障对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,公共教育通过作用于教育投资、社会保障通过作用于有效家庭时间共同影响人力资本积累从而影响收入。一方面,数值模拟结果显示公共教育和社会保障的增加能够显著地增加收入;另一方面,结合中国城乡实际的实证研究结果显示,本应该起到调节和缩小城乡收入差距的公共教育和社会保障制度,并没有发挥其收入再分配的功能,反而形成了"逆向调节"的负效应,扩大了城乡收入差距,对此,文章通过理论与实证得出,缩小我国城乡人均教育投资和社会保障税率差距对缩小城乡收入差距具有重要的现实意义。     

中国城镇化：演进逻辑与政策启示

通过回顾新中国成立60多年来城镇化演进历程,归纳我国城镇化改革与发展的逻辑规律,在此基础上提出未来我国实施新型城镇化战略的政策启示。研究发现,我国城镇化进程经历了起步、失常、稳定和高速四个阶段,对城镇化趋势和波动分解发现我国城镇化进程主要表现为,中央强制性政策推动下的地方政府非公共利益无序驱动。未来,我国新型城镇化战略应该坚持：一是中央政策要协调好发展需求“拉力”和政策制度“推力”的关系,防止新型城镇化脱离客观规律;二是要从积极和消极两个方面扭转地方政府在城镇化推进过程中的非社会利益行为;三是地方政府推进新型城镇化,要从拆迁等强制性推动向诱导性推进转型,诱导性推进要体现公共服务先行;四是要统筹城乡发展并缩小城乡差距,实现城镇化进程的自动均衡。     

中国省际人口迁移目的地选择的影响因素及其省际差异——基于第七次全国人口普查数据的分析

利用第七次全国人口普查数据,考察2015～2020年中国省际人口迁移目的地选择的影响因素及其省际差异。研究发现,近年来转变经济增长方式、实施新型城镇化战略等宏观发展环境的巨大变化,造成中西部经济欠发达地区主要人口迁出省份昔日东迁人口“逆势”回迁;区域经济发展差异缩小,导致省际人口迁移目的地选择呈分散化及其区域分布的均衡化。分析其影响因素显示,城乡收入差距等经济因素仍是影响省际人口迁移目的地选择的最主要因素,但其作用已显弱化;空间因素的作用也随着交通条件的改善出现减小趋势;开放度等良好的市场化及人文社会环境已对迁移人口选择目的地表现出一定的影响力。各因素对省际人口迁移目的地选择的影响存在明显省际差异。     

京津冀县域人口城镇化时空格局及驱动力研究

文章基于2000年和2010年中国人口普查的分县数据,采用ESDA方法分析京津冀地区县域城镇化率的空间格局分布及变动情况,提出城镇化率变动分城乡贡献度指标并就京津冀地区进行研究,采取空间误差模型与GWR的方法分别考察该地区城镇化全局和局部的驱动力状况.结果表明:(1)京津冀地区的县域城镇化率表现出显著的空间集聚并且有逐渐加强的趋势;(2)城镇化率提高过程呈现收敛模式,高城镇化率地区对于周边城镇化率过低的地区具有带动作用;(3)对于城镇化率提高的地区,其增量中乡村贡献度的高值分布与城镇化程度低的一些地区重合;(4)经济水平、产业结构、医教水平和地形因素对京津冀地区城镇化影响显著.     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.