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1.
Child care, women's employment, and child outcomes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jane Waldfogel 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(3):527-548
This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of child care and maternal employment in the pre-school years on child outcomes.
This topic has long been of interest to economists, developmental psychologists, and scholars from other disciplines, and
has been the focus of increased attention in recent years, as research has provided additional evidence about the processes
of development in the earliest days, weeks, and years of life.1
In this paper, I review the evidence on two broad sets of questions: what we know about the potential benefits of early intervention
child care programs, and what we know about the effects (whether positive or negative) of maternal employment and child care
in the first years of life. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that we now know a good deal about both sets of questions.
But, this review also suggests that there are important gaps in our knowledge that future work by economists could fruitfully
address.
Received: 9 December 1999/Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献
2.
Migrants are sometimes regarded as marginal workers in metropolitan labour markets. London has long been a major destination
for migrants from elsewhere in Britain and abroad. In this paper we examine the earnings and unemployment experience in 1929–1931
of male workers who migrated to London, or within London. We use data from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, a large survey of working class households, the records from which have recently been computerised. Our findings indicate
that migrants were not marginal, in fact they enjoyed slightly higher earnings and lower unemployment incidence than native
Londoners. Much of the advantage can be explained by differences in average skill levels and personal characteristics.
Received: 2 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
3.
This paper studies the effect of increased immigration in Austria on the unemployment risk of young natives. Austria experienced
a dramatic rise in the share of alien workers as a result of the breakdown of the former communist regimes (especially from
former Yugoslavia). We concentrate on unemployment entry of young male workers, who are supposed to compete most heavily with
new immigrants. Our results indicate that the detrimental impact – if it exists at all – is only minor. This is irrespective
of the analyzed proxy for competition: The share of foreign workers in an industry or in a region.
Received: 7 March 1996/Accepted: 20 March 1998 相似文献
4.
Effects of sexual preferences on earnings in the Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A small literature suggests that bisexual and homosexual workers earn less than their heterosexual fellow workers and that a discriminating labormarket is partly to blame. In this paper we examine whether sexual preferences affect earnings at the beginning of working careers in the Netherlands. Using an alternative, and quite possibly a better, measure of sexual identity, we find (i) that young and highly educated gay male workers earn about 3% less than heterosexual men; (ii) that similarly qualified lesbian workers earn about 3% more than their heterosexual female co-workers; and (iii) that among homosexual workers the gender gap is not observed. From this we conclude that the Dutch labor market does not discriminate on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender in entry-level jobs.All correspondence to Erik Plug. Both authors would like to thank Jim Albrecht, Mikael Lindahl, Hessel Oosterbeek, Susan Vroman and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Responsible editor: Daniel S. Hamermesh. 相似文献
5.
Regina T. Riphahn 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(3):363-389
Using data from the first eleven waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel this study investigates the dynamic effects of
health shocks on employment and economic well-being of older workers. A health shock trebles the probability of leaving the
labor force and almost doubles the unemployment risk. The financial effects of health shocks are small on average and those
individuals with the highest remaining earnings potential are least affected by the health shock. Welfare state instruments
support the poorest section of the population but do not succeed in neutralizing the effects of a health shock for these groups.
Received: 9 April 1997/Accepted: 28 May 1998 相似文献
6.
Public employment growth has been parallelled by increased female labour force participation, while real wages for typical
female public sector occupations have not increased. In a theoretical model we, first, show that there is a tradeoff between
day care provision and gross wages for occupations for which day care is a complement. It is possible to combine increased
public labour demand with public day care provision leaving the wage unaffected. Second, non-parents will be in favour of
increasing day care as long as day care productivity is higher than the inverse of the tax rate. This is because the effective
labour supply and, therefore, the tax base increase. Third, parents want to push day care provision even further. They are
prepared to accept a lower day care productivity than non-parents because day care provision relaxes the constraint on their
desired labour supply. The Pareto efficient day care provision is between parents‘ and non-parents‘ preferred levels.
Received: 12 December 1995 / Accepted: 17 September 1997 相似文献
7.
In a large representative sample of young Norwegian workers, we estimate gross transitions to unemployment, education, and
other exits in a multinomial logit. In line with received literature, we find that individuals with high education, experience,
and income have significantly lower probabilities of job exits. While female education rates have increased to surpass those
of males, female labour market outcomes are still more responsive to family related background characteristics as compared
with the outcomes for males.
Received: 17 October 1996/Accepted: 5 March 1999 相似文献
8.
Alexander Kemnitz 《Journal of population economics》2000,13(3):443-462
This paper studies the relationship between public education and pay-as-you-go social security in a representative democracy,
where the government reacts both to voting and lobbying activities of workers and pensioners. While an intergenerational conflict
prevails concerning actual social security contributions, workers may prefer public education for its positive effect on later
pension benefits. Population aging diminishes the relative lobbying power of pensioners, leading to a higher contribution
rate, educational expansion, and higher per capita income growth.
Received: 05 April 1999/Accepted: 20 December 1999 相似文献
9.
We simulate the effect of the introduction of premium differentiation (experience rating) in the Dutch Unemployment Insurance system on the demand for labor for a variety of sectors in the Dutch economy. For the simulations we use the Bentolila and Bertola (1990) framework as a point of departure. In the simulations, the introduction of experience rating is modeled as expenditure neutral: in the absence of premium differentiation the cost of financing UI is modeled as a wage tax (independent of the number of workers fired by the firm), whereas in the presence of experience rating this cost is attributed to firing cost (affected by the firing action). Thus, the introduction of experience rating results in a shift from wage cost to firing cost. Following the political debate on the issue in the Netherlands, we assume that the introduction of experience rating does neither lead to a change in tax rates paid by workers nor to a change in eligibility rules or replacement rates of benefit claimants. Specific attention is paid to the distinction between young and old workers . In the model, labor adjustment costs (hiring and firing costs) are linear. The model allows for uncertainty in the business cycle.All correspondence to Hans Bloemen. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno 相似文献
10.
Continuous training in Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jörn-Steffen Pischke 《Journal of population economics》2001,14(3):523-548
Using data from the German Socio Economic Panel, I analyze the incidence, financing, and returns to workplace training in
Germany for the years 1986 to 1989. Much of this training seems general, and is provided to workers by their employer at no
direct cost. While workers typically report larger productivty gains from the training during work hours, such training has
lower returns than training undertaken during leisure time. Workers with higher earnings growth seem more likely to participate
in training. I deal with this selection problem by estimating models that allow for inidividual level heterogeneity in earnings
growth rates.
Received: 24 November 1997/Accepted: 27 March 2000 相似文献
11.
Jörgen Hansen 《Journal of population economics》2000,13(1):45-55
We use unique information about short-term absence from the labor market among Swedish employees to investigate the potential
wage loss attributed to this type of absence. A reform in the Swedish health insurance system was used as an instrument. The
results indicate that women's wages are significantly reduced by work absence due to own sickness, while absence to care for
a sick child has no significant wage effect. For men, we find no support for effects on wages from short-term absence. We
also show that the distribution of the gender wage gap depends to a large extent on work absence.
Received: 29 September 1998/Accepted: 16 April 1999 相似文献
12.
Family leave policies and women's retention after childbirth: Evidence from the United States, Britain, and Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper uses labour force survey data to examine the employment rates and employment decisions of women with young children
in the United States, Britain and Japan. Our results confirm that young children have a very strong negative effect on women's
employment; this effect is most pronounced in Britain. We then take advantage of panel data to investigate the effects of
family leave coverage on women's job retention after childbirth. We find that family leave coverage increases the likelihood
that a woman will return to her employer after childbirth in all three countries, with a particularly marked effect in Japan.
This result suggests that the recent expansions in family leave coverage in the sample countries are likely to lead to increased
employment of women after childbirth.
Received: 10 July 1997/Accepted: 8 June 1998 相似文献
13.
Options for reforming unfunded public pension schemes that are now being discussed all share the feature that the burden
induced by demographic change would be shifted towards presently living and away from unborn generations. Existing models
of the political economy of pension reform can not explain why such reform options are being discussed at all. We present
an alternative model in which the possibility of evasion of workers from payment of social security taxes is taken into account
by modelling a labor supply function. It turns out that the burden of demographic change may fall completely or at least predominantly
on the pensioners. Thus this type of model can much better explain recent trends in legislature on unfunded public pension
systems in industrial democracies.
Received: 7 January 1999/Accepted: 20 December 1999 相似文献
14.
Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cycle 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
This study of the determinants of earnings among adult foreign-born men using the 1990 Census of Population focuses on the
effects of the respondent's own English language skills, the effects of living in a linguistic concentration area, and the
effects of the stage of the business cycle at entry into the U.S. labor market. The analysis demonstrates the importance of
English language fluency among the foreign born from non-English speaking countries. There is also strong evidence for the
complementarity between language skills and other forms of human capital. Furthermore, there is strong evidence using selectivity
correction techniques for the endogeneity between language and earnings.
Received: 30 November 1999/Accepted: 6 February 2001 相似文献
15.
The trade-off between parents' time with their own kids and market work, and its dependence on out-of-home day care is analyzed
in a simultaneous equation framework. Economic incentives primarily work through decisions about market work, while the direct
effects on time with children are weak. The results suggest that a change in the mother's working hours has less influence
on the parents' time with their children than a change in the father's working hours. This would imply that a policy working
to increase the time with people's own children should primarily influence the father's work hours. We also find that parents
prefer joint activities with their children, and that out-of-home child care is not chosen as a substitute for own time with
children.
Received: 1 February 2000/Accepted: 22 May 2002
All correspondence to Daniel Hallberg. Helpful comments and suggestions from Henry Ohlsson and anonymous referees are gratefully
acknowledged. We also appreciate comments from Martin Browning and seminar participants at Uppsala and Ume? universities.
Financial support from the Swedish Council for Social Research (SFR) is gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
16.
Magnus Lofstrom 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(1):83-114
This paper uses data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses to study labor market assimilation of self-employed immigrants.
Separate earnings functions for the self-employed and wage/salary workers are estimated. To control for endogenous sorting
into the sectors, models of the self-employment decision are estimated. Self-employed immigrants are found to do substantially
better in the labor market than wage/salary immigrants. Earnings of self-employed immigrants are predicted to converge with
natives' wage/salary earnings at about age 30 and natives' self-employed earnings at about age 40. Including the self-employed
in the sample reduces the immigrant-native earnings gap by, on average, 14%.
Received: 10 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
17.
Diane J. Macunovich 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(2):215-272
Using two different measures of relative cohort size – one indicating the size and placement of an individual's own birth
cohort, and the other, the ratio of young to prime age adults in the United States in that year – it has been possible to
isolate strong effects of the population age structure on wages in the United States over the past thirty-three years. These
effects have been strong enough that virtually all of the observed change in the experience premium, and a substantial proportion
of the changes in the college wage premium, can be explained by the relative cohort size variables alone. Even changes in
the amount of within-group variance in wages appear to be largely a function of changing age structure, and absolute wage
levels have been strongly affected by these demographic changes, suggesting that population growth can have positive effects
on the economy.
Received: 27 January 1998/Accepted: 6 June 1998 相似文献
18.
Using data from two large-scale household surveys in 1987 and 1994, we estimate wage equations which show substantial increases
in returns to university education for young Irish workers over the period, despite the exceptional increase in numbers with
these qualifications. Returns to non-degree third level certificates and diplomas fell in relative terms, but returns to qualifications
obtained by those leaving school at about 16 years of age rose. We argue that the increased return to university education
primarily reflects the generalised shift in demand towards skilled labour internationally and the open nature of the Irish
labour market. However, a floor may have been placed under earnings for low-skilled youth by the increased generosity of income
support available to them.
Received: 29 December 1997/Accepted: 7 August 1998 相似文献
19.
We study the Becker and Lewis (1973) quantity-quality model of children adding an explicit child care time constraint for
parents. Parents can take care of the children themselves or purchase day care. Our results are: (i) If there only is own
care, a quantity-quality trade-off, different from that of Becker and Lewis (1973), arises. The income effect on fertility
is positive if child quantity is a closer complement than child quality to the consumption of goods. (ii) If, instead, there
is a combination of purchased and own care, the effect of income on fertility is ambiguous, even if quantity of children is
a normal good in the standard sense. This is the Becker and Lewis (1973) result extended to a situation with a binding child
care time constraint. The conclusion is that the Becker and Lewis (1973) result holds as long as at least some child care
is purchased.
Received: 12 November 1999/Accepted: 1 September 2000 相似文献
20.
Timing,togetherness and time windfalls 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel S. Hamermesh 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(4):601-623
With appropriate data the analysis of time use, labor supply and leisure can move beyond the standard questions of wage and
income elasticities of hours supplied. I present four examples: 1) American data from 1973 through 1997 show that the amount
of evening and night work in the U.S. has decreased. 2) The same data demonstrate that workers whose relative earnings increase
experience a relative diminution of the burden of work at unpleasant times. 3) U.S. data for the 1970s and 1990s demonstrate
that spouses' work schedules are more synchronized than would occur randomly; synchrony among working spouses diminished after
the 1970s; and the full-income elasticity of demand for it was higher among wives than among husbands in the 1970s but equal
in the 1990s. 4) Dutch time-budget data for 1990 show that the overwhelming majority of the windfall hour that occurred when
standard time resumed was used for extra sleep.
Received: 6 July 2000/Accepted: 20 January 2001
Daniel S. Hamermesh is Edward Everett Hale Centennial Professor, University of Texas at Austin; research associate, National
Bureau of Economic Research, and Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. I thank the National Science Foundation for support
under Grants SBR-9422429 and SES-9904699, and two anonymous referees, Gerard Pfann, the late Lee Lillard, Gerald Oettinger,
Steve Trejo and participants at the ESPE Conference and at seminars at the University of Bristol and Warwick University for
helpful comments. Responsible editor: Klaus F. Zimmermann. 相似文献