中外老年人自营就业影响因素分析

随着发达国家和许多发展中国家逐步进入老龄化社会,如何保持老年人积极参与就业已经成为一个热门话题,而自营就业这一灵活的就业方式受到了普遍关注。本文主要探讨了个人和家庭因素以及福利国家体制如何影响老年人对自营就业的选择。在国内外正面临着支持老年人和适应劳动力老龄化的多重挑战的今天,本文的探讨具有一定的政策意涵。在实现积极老龄化的同时,鼓励老年人自营就业具有重要现实意义。     

Recent trends in family and household composition in europe

During the past few decades profound changes have taken place in European households and families. The role of the traditional family has become weaker and new living arrangements have gained importance. Consensual unions are now widely accepted; one-parent families now originate more in divorce than in widowhood; and solitary householders have become more common. The traditional family has also witnessed changes. The number of ‘others’ belonging to the family household (relatives, servants) has fallen, as has the number of children. Moreover, young adults have started to leave the parental home at an earlier age (except in the last few years). Average family size has thus dropped considerably. However, simulations indicate that household structures contain considerable inertia. Although a substantial increase in non-traditional living arrangements may be expected, marriage is not likely to lose its dominant position in many European countries before the turn of the century.     

Family Trajectories and Health: A Life Course Perspective

This paper investigates the role of family trajectory, i.e., the whole sequence of family events during the life course of early adults in shaping their health outcomes. Union formation and childbearing are jointly considered, since the two life domains are highly connected and their intersections may have an effect on health outcomes. Data come from wave I and wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) in the United States. The paper is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on family transitions and investigates if changes in timing (when events happen), quantum (what and how many transitions), and ordering (in what order), have an effect on the health of young women. In the second part, life course trajectories are classified into six groups representing different ideal-types of family trajectories and the association of these trajectories with health outcomes is explored. Results suggest that family trajectories play an important role on different health outcomes. Controlling for selection and background characteristics, precocious and “non-normative” transitions are associated with lower self-reported health and higher propensity of smoking and drinking.     

汉代诗人视野中的女性

汉诗中既有女性柔美的形象,也有自强自立的形象,还有刚正不阿、维护正义的形象。汉诗中反映女性的婚姻家庭生活亦是丰富多彩的,既有夫妻间的笃厚深情,也有女性不幸的婚姻,以及女性家庭地位与生产劳动的内容。女性的心态大多依赖于男方,从而造成了婚姻的不和谐。     

另一种形式的婚姻？——伴侣关系在西方国家的法律化进程评介

发端于北欧国家的伴侣关系立法在世界范围内形成了冲击。不同国家在是否承认和保护同性伴侣的婚姻权、是否承认和保护非婚同居者以及如何承认和保护等问题上都发生过激烈的争论。到目前为止,西方国家在伴侣关系立法上已形成了丹麦模式、法国模式和荷兰模式。不同模式下的立法在适用范围、伴侣关系缔结的条件和程序以及法律效力等方面都各有特点。在法律上,登记的伴侣关系已与传统的婚姻关系并列成为西方国家的成年公民可以选择并受到法律保护的婚姻家庭生活关系形式。     

我国近年留学工作发展与人才流动的思考

留学作为人类社会特有的一种跨文化交流活动，对培养各类国际型人才和加强国家友好往来发挥着特殊作用。我国自1978年改革开放以来，出国留学快速发展，多次出现留学热，近年又出现了回国潮。与此同时，来华留学事业也有较大发展。辩证看待留学人才的外流与回归，是发展留学事业，优化人力资源，构建和谐社会的重要内容。     

发达国家营地教育发展及其启示

营地教育已经成为发达国家素质教育的重要领域。各国根据其教育目标和资源状况开展丰富多样的营地教育活动,为青少年提供了大自然课堂。营地教育对学生的体格训练和品格修炼起到了积极的作用,更让青少年在快乐中成长。     

对西方国家意识形态渗透战略的战略思考

随着全球化进程的加速和互联网的迅猛发展,意识形态安全越来越成为国家安全的重要内容,意识形态利益已经成为国家利益的重要方面。冷战结束后,以美国为首的发达资本主义国家加快了对社会主义中国的意识形态渗透,对社会主义中国进行和平演变依然是西方世界对外战略的重要内容,普世价值论就是实现其和平演变战略的新形式。普世价值论以人类最高道德、最高理想的面目,＂超越＂阶级利益,＂超越＂国家和民族利益,宣扬所谓全人类共同的真理、全人类共同的价值,以更为隐秘的形式向社会主义中国继续推销资产阶级的价值观念和社会理想。在新的形势下,中国被和平演变的潜在风险正在加大,面对西方世界新一轮的思想攻势,如何提高全社会尤其是年轻人的抗演变、抗腐蚀能力,掌握渗透与反渗透的主动权,维护国家意识形态安全已成为当务之急。     

Deadline for Parenthood: Fertility Postponement and Age Norms in Poland

The postponement of childbearing is occurring across Europe, but the paths of this trend differ profoundly from country to country. In Poland, as in other Central and Eastern European countries, most women have their first child at a relatively young age. This article asks about the role of age norms in sustaining the pattern of early motherhood. We investigate young adults’ perceptions of age in relation to their fertility choices. We find that age is, indeed, a salient dimension that structures and regulates individual childbearing plans. The qualitative approach of our study allows for gaining insights into how age norms are explained, argued about and sanctioned. Finally, we reconstruct the mechanisms of the normative influence of age limits (deadlines) on fertility behaviour, improving our understanding of the timing of childbearing.     

中国农村人口结构变化及就业选择

为研究中国农村人口结构变迁规律,基于2003～2012年全国农村固定观察点农户跟踪调查数据,以山西10个村的样本为例考察了近10年来农村人口结构变化趋势和轨迹。研究发现,农村人口10年来平均年龄增长了4.3岁,而农业劳动力平均年龄增长5.6岁从性别和在家居住时间看,46岁及以上女性和61岁及以上的老年人是农村生产生活的主力军从工作时间和就业方向选择看,尽管农村劳动力仍以家庭农业经营为主,但外出就业和受雇用已成为农村劳动力实现充分就业的主要手段从文化程度和健康状况看,滞留在农村的农业人口质量较差。研究认为,随着农村青壮年劳动力的外流,中国农村人口结构和就业结构已发生巨大变迁,农村人口“老龄化”和“空心化”、农业“女性化”和“老年化”特征突显,这些问题将深刻影响中国未来社会经济发展人口老龄化问题的重中之重是农村人口“老龄化”及养老问题,新农村建设与户籍制度改革应同步推进,农业现代化建设需要关注农业生产的“老年化”和“女性化”特征,以及关注计划生育政策调整与经济增长可持续性的关系。     

Strings of Adulthood: A Sequence Analysis of Young British Women’s Work-Family Trajectories

Employment, union formation and childbearing are central processes within young individuals’ transition to adulthood. These processes interact in highly complex ways, and they shape actual life-course trajectories that may be seen as a conceptual unit. In this article we use a methodology to cluster life-course experiences, where all three processes are embedded explicitly, in order to study young women’s trajectories in Great Britain. Drawing on a sample from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we define life-courses as sequences on a monthly time scale and we apply optimal matching analysis to compute dissimilarities between individuals. We then use standard clustering algorithms and we identify nine distinctive groups of women. Our results are then shown using a new representation of clusters and interpreted in the light of the existing socio-demographic literature on the dynamic work-family link.     

地方工科院校培养复合型英语专业人才的探索

21世纪是国际交往、人才交流更为频繁的世纪,在这样的时代背景下,培养复合型英语专业人才成为各高校英语专业的人才培养目标。在复合型英语人才培养模式的探索过程中,国内总结出的培养模式在教学实践中取得了良好效果,但同时也存在不足。国外工科院校经过多年探索实践在复合型人才培养模式方面有着许多成功经验。通过立足自身,借鉴国外成功经验成了探索复合型英语人才培养模式的可行途径。     

Family Structure and Early Home Leaving: A Mediation Analysis

An ample body of research has shown that young adults from non-intact families are more likely to leave the parental home at an early age than young adults from intact families. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. We drew on prospective longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) to examine why young adults from non-intact families are more likely to leave home early. Based on the feathered nest hypothesis, it was expected that young adults from non-intact families are pushed out of the parental home because of a lack in economic, social, and community resources. Moreover, it was expected that young adults from non-intact families are pulled toward independent living at a younger age because they have a partner and are employed earlier in life. We employed discrete-time event history models and used the KHB method to test relative weights of the mediators. The mediators explained 16% (women) and 22% (men) of the effect of living in a stepfamily, and 50% (women) and 37% (men) of the effect of living in a single-mother family. Economic resources were the main mediator for the effect of living in a single-mother family on early home leaving. For women, mother’s life satisfaction and housing conditions significantly explained differences in early home leaving between single-mother and intact families. For men, residential mobility significantly mediated the effect of family structure on early home leaving.     

社会主义核心价值体系与当代青年理想信念教育

科学的理想信念既是凝聚中华民族力量的灵魂，同时也是当代青年必备的品质。对青年的理想信念教育，要以社会主义核心价值体系为基本内容，构筑层次分明、重点突出，具有较强针对性的内容体系。帮助当代青年真正“读懂”马克思主义，坚定走中国特色社会主义道路和实现中华民族伟大复兴的信心。     

我国小康社会大众休闲价值及其发展趋势研究

培养和倡导积极的小康社会大众休闲价值观,对中国经济和社会实现持续健康发展具有重要意义.我们倡导的休闲价值观应是充分结合了我国传统和西方优秀休闲文化、认识到休闲是人们在小康社会快节奏高效率工作压力下保持健康和全面发展所不可或缺的重要支持力量,是真正体现出人的自由而全面的发展、体现出可持续性特质的休闲理念和休闲价值观.     

我国青壮年农民工学力现状与问题探讨

为了解我国青壮年农民工的学力程度现状,运用"基础知识水平测试"对全国十一个省的一万余名青壮年农民工的进行了采样调查.调查发现:我国农民工受教育水平相对较低,农民工表现出来的真实学力水平与他们自身学历水平存在差异,农民工有需求得到技能培训以提高自身的学力水平,对此提出了相应的建议.     

An Age-Period-Cohort Approach to Analyse Late-Life Depression Prevalence in Six European Countries, 2004–2016

Late-life depression is a condition that affects an ever-growing share of the population in ageing societies. While depression prevalence varies across countries for a myriad of reasons, generational factors, expressed in the shared experience of birth cohorts, may also play a part in such differentials. This paper describes the presence of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects in late-life depression prevalence trends (for adults aged 50 and above) for selected countries in Europe, using the Survey of Health and Ageing and Retirement of Europe (SHARE). We analysed six countries during the 2004–2016 period: Denmark, Sweden, and Germany, with a lower baseline prevalence, and Italy, Spain, and France, with a higher baseline prevalence. By applying a set of APC statistical models to visualise linear and nonlinear effects, we found that all countries followed a J-shaped curve when describing the transversal and longitudinal age trajectories of late-life depression. We also found a combination of nonlinear effects present in Germany, France and Sweden in males, indicating that younger male cohorts had a higher relative risk of depression. In females, we found nonlinear cohort effects, indicating that younger and older cohorts presented a higher risk of depression in Sweden and Germany and a lower risk in Spain. The presence of an increased risk for younger male cohorts may be indicative of a new trend in some countries, which may reduce the sex gap in prevalence. Future analysis should focus on the causes and mechanisms that lead to differential risks across cohorts.     

先进小型核反应堆发展前景及其所面临的问题

采用标准化和模块化设计的小型核反应堆在安全性和经济性方面的优势,将扩大核能在新兴工业国家和发展中国家的市场,有望成为我国核电设备出口的重要组成部分。文章描述了小型核反应堆的发展现状,分析了小型核反应堆的优势、应用前景及推广应用可能面临的问题,提出了在我国开展小型反应堆研究和应用的建议和策略。     

欧洲一体化与西欧资本主义国家间关系的调整

二战前,欧洲资本主义国家之间爆发了多次战争,其中包括两次世界大战。但是,二战后,欧洲资本主义国家走上了一条联合自强的一体化道路,它们之间的战争已经成为不可想像的事情。欧洲一体化的发展突破了马克思主义关于资本主义国家关系的某些传统观点。事实表明,欧洲资本主义国家不仅能够联合起来,而且还能探索出通过一体化来解决它们之间矛盾的有效方式。