第六次人口普查数据中的年龄误报与分析

人口年龄结构是最基础的人口结构,年龄误报对各项人口指标的把握和判断有很大影响,在利用普查数据进行分析之前对年龄数据质量的评估至关重要。文章对2010年第六次人口普查的年龄数据进行了评估,结果表明:全国的年龄数据申报质量较高,但部分特殊年龄(如20岁)可能存在多报和堆积;广东、广西、海南和新疆4个省份100岁及以上高龄组老年人可能存在年龄高报和死亡后未销户问题;一些省份如新疆、西藏、海南、甘肃、青海和宁夏等存在较严重的年龄误报问题;一些省份的汉族也有年龄堆积;少数民族中维吾尔族、藏族、苗族、布依族、傣族、回族、哈萨克族和黎族年龄堆积明显。比较第六次和第五次人口普查数据发现年龄申报质量在提高。     

新疆民族人口空间分布的测量与分析--基于＂五普＂、“六普”数据

本文利用第五次人口普查和第六次人口普查数据,以新疆两个主要民族——维吾尔族和汉族人口为例,分析了民族口人空间分布的全局和局部特征及其变化趋势。研究结果发现,新疆的维吾尔族和汉族人口都有较强的空间内聚性;两个民族人口集中的地区总体呈现互补状态,各有人口密集地区;比邻聚居、成片联结的区位形态都较明显。维吾尔族人口聚居的集中程度高于汉族人口。汉族人口的聚集区域面积相对小而分散。了解和认识民族人口的空间分布特征,对于推动建立各民族相互嵌,入的社会结构和社区环境,促进各民族的交往交流交融,具有重要意义。     

中国长寿人口分布研究

利用第五次人口普查资料,以65岁及以上人口为基数统计长寿人口的比例,排列中国长寿人口的分布状况。采用比较的方法,找出中国长寿人口分布特点。华南地区长寿人口的比例高,华北、西北地区长寿人口比例低。90岁及以上长寿人口比例最高的地区是广西,最低的是内蒙。人口平均预期寿命最高的上海地区,百岁长寿人口比例并不高,处于中下。人口平均预期寿命最低的西藏,百岁长寿人口比例比较高,排位较前。中国城市长寿人口高于乡村长寿人口。城市和乡村除个别省份外,女性长寿人口高于男性长寿人口。     

基于“六普”数据的山东省长寿水平空间分布及影响因素研究

随着人口老龄化和高龄化进程的加快,高龄老人健康与长寿是目前研究热点之一.第六次人口普查数据显示山东省长寿水平和百岁老人具有空间集聚特征;建立多元线性回归模型,模拟结果表明自然环境因素中地理位置变量是能够解释非个体因素所能解释的全部长寿水平空间差异的主导因素,经济社会发展因素中仅收入水平变量对长寿水平的影响与理论预期一致,饮食结构对县(市)百岁长寿水平也具有一定影响;收入水平对长寿水平的影响程度存在显著的地域差异、性别差异和年龄差异,即县(市)高于市区,女性高于男性,80岁以上长寿水平远大于百岁老人长寿水平.     

1982～2010年期间四次全国人口普查数据一致性研究——基于出生人口队列的分析

数据一致性是反映人口普查数据质量高低的重要指标。文章以第三、四、五、六次全国人口普查数据为基础,充分考虑人口死亡因素,比较同一出生队列人口在不同普查年份的人口规模,以此对人口普查数据一致性进行检验。研究中主要有三点发现:一是分时期进行分析,在"三普"至"六普"的28年间,九成以上出生队列人口存活率大于1,发生正偏离现象;二是对四次人口普查中的相邻两次普查依次进行比较,普查时处于0～90岁的91个出生队列人口偏离量逐渐增大,偏离率渐次上升;三是分性别来看,1982～2000年出生队列人口偏离程度存在显著性别差异。相当数量的出生队列人口出现系统性正偏离,表明在人口普查中存在较为严重的人口漏报、人口重报或死亡漏报。     

新时期的老龄问题我们应该如何面对

背景中国是世界上老年人口最多、增长速度最快的国家,也是老龄化进程最快的国家之一。第六次全国人口普查结果表明,2010年11月1日中国大陆60岁及以上人口达到了1.78亿,其中65岁及以上老年人达到了1.19亿;60岁及以上人口占总人口的比重为13.6%,65岁及以上人口占总人口的比例为8.87%,分别比2000年第五次全国人口普查时提高了2.93和1.91个百分点。这些数据表明,中国已经进入了人口老龄化快速发展阶段,并且还将继续加速。     

新疆墨玉县维吾尔族妇女婚姻生育调查分析

在我国少数民族中,维吾尔族的人口数量仅次于壮族、回族居第三位。90%以上的人口居住在新疆维吾尔自治区内。主要从事农业生产,信奉伊斯兰教。为分析新疆维吾尔族婚姻生育的历史与现状,科学制定维吾尔族人口发展规划,经过认真充分的准备,新疆维吾尔自治区计划生育委员会于1984年,对和田地区墨玉县维吾尔族妇女     

湖北省首家县(市)长寿研究会在钟祥市成立

湖北省钟祥市是全国著名的长寿县市。史载,该市古名长寿县,系因当地长寿者多而得名。1982年第三次人口普查,钟祥市年过百岁者有18人,居全省县市之首。1990年普查,全市百岁老人增至46人,仍居全省之冠。全市年过八旬的老人则多达6000以上,其中90—100岁的410人。     

西部地区少数民族人口城市化变动分析--基于2000年和2010年人口普查数据

文章以西部少数民族人口为研究对象,依据2000年和2010年第五次和第六次人口普查资料,通过计算,对比,揭示西部大开发十年间西部少数民族人口城市化变动趋势。研究表明,西部少数民族人口城市化程度伴随着西部地区政治、经济、文化等发展变化,呈现出城市化率普遍提高;民族之间人口城市化差距缩小以及民族人口受教育程度普遍提升等变化趋势。     

2000—2010年广东省老年人口空间分布演变研究

根据2000年第五次人口普查数据、2010年第六次人口普查数据和相关社会经济统计数据,利用地理信息系统技术对广东省老年人口空间分布变化和特征进行分析,阐明导致该空间格局演变的主要原因,并据此提出完善养老服务的建议,主要包括：全面提高全省医疗卫生服务水平;经济落后的、老人比例较高的地区应完善公办老年公寓、托老所、老人活动中心等相关养老福利的落实;经济发达的、老人比例较低的地区除提供基本养老福利以外,还可以尝试新型老人居住模式,如旧社区适老性改造、商住—养老复合社区等。     

中国1982年后人口普查和抽样调查中死亡漏报的估计——基于Bayesian分层回归模型

利用Bayesian分层回归模型估计中国1982年后历次人口普查和抽样调查的死亡漏报率及其随时间的变化。结果表明:0岁死亡漏报率随时间的变化具有明显的阶段性,而1～4岁死亡漏报率随时间的变化趋势不明显;全年龄、5～14岁和15～59岁、60～89岁和90岁及以上死亡漏报率随时间的变化基本近似且同样具有阶段性。受漏报原因和不同时期社会背景的影响,女性1～4岁的死亡漏报率不一定低于0岁的死亡漏报率。人口普查成人阶段各年龄死亡漏报率差别较大,而人口抽样调查则较为一致。2000年人口普查男性和2010年全人口90岁及以上死亡率偏低是由比较严重的死亡漏报造成。死亡漏报对预期寿命计算误差的影响因年龄而异,二者关系在婴幼儿中较弱,其余年龄死亡漏报和预期寿命误差存在显著线性正相关。     

1990 censuses to increase use of automation

This article summarizes information from selected reports presented at the 12th Population Census Conference. Ward reports that plans for the 1990 census in many countries of Asia and the Pacific call for increased use of automation, with applications ranging from the use of computer-generated maps of enumeration areas and optical mark readers for data processing to desktop publishing and electronic mail for disseminating the results. Recent advances in automation offer opportunities for improved accuracy and speed of census operations while reducing the need for clerical personnel. Most of the technologies discussed at the 12th Population Census are designed to make the planning, editing, processing, analysis, and publication of census data more reliable and efficient. However, technology alone cannot overcome high rates of illiteracy that preclude having respondents complete the census forms themselves. But it enables even China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan - the countries with huge population and limited financial resources - to make significant improvements in their forthcoming censuses.     

The Centenarian Question: Old-Age Mortality in the Soviet Union, 1897 to 1970

There is a long history of claims of extraordinary longevity among the populations of the Soviet Union, and the Russian Empire before it, especially in the Caucasus region. Exceptionally high proportions of centenarians have been reported in the censuses, and much publicity has accompanied the announcements of ‘super-centenarians’ living well beyond 150 years. The major question regarding this phenomenon of supposed extraordinary longevity is whether the claims are, indeed, true or, rather, the result of age exaggeration. This paper examines the available Russian and Soviet census and mortality data from 1897 to 1970 in order to assess Soviet claims of extraordinary numbers of centenarians. A detailed analysis of age overstatement in the census data and death registration statistics shows that the long history of longevity claims goes hand in hand with a long history of age overstatement. The extraordinary longevity observed in the Soviet Union is in all likelihood the result of that age overstatement.     

新疆民族混合家庭户的分布与构成

本文根据人口普查数据及调研资料对新疆民族混合家庭户的分布与构成进行了描述：近年来混合户数量明显上升,并以民汉混合户增长更快;在全疆分布区域性差别较大,与当地的民族成份种类、城市化水平以及民族构成有关。同时,人口数量少的民族更易与其他民族组成混合家庭;同一宗教信仰的民族更易组成混合家庭,但回族例外。民汉混合户相对规模较小,结构简单。预计新疆民族混合家庭的数量将进一步增多,主要表现为族际婚姻增多。     

The demeny-shorter and three-census methods for correcting age data

This paper presents, tests, applies, and compares methods that utilize age data collected at consecutive censuses to examine and adjust for age and coverage errors. The Demeny-Shorter method, for example, was devised for this purpose, and its flexibility in regard to census coverage errors is examined. The Demeny-Shorter method is found difficult to apply directly, so a method based on the same idea as the Demeny-Shorter method but utilizing age data from three, instead of two, successive censuses is presented and discussed as a possible alternative. This three-census method is applied to data from Turkey’s censuses and, in some cases, found to be better than the Demeny-Shorter method, because the former allows for and estimates the likely changes in census coverage and different patterns of age errors in successive censuses. Unfortunately, the three-census method cannot be applied to data from most developing countries on account of a lack of the requisite series of censuses.     

Characteristics of age composition of China's population]

The age composition of Chinese population is analyzed via data collected in the 1982 census, which has been the basis for planning the social and economic life of 1 billion people. The census reflected complete population age composition, by birth, mortality and growth rates, from the time of the Liberation in 1949. The 10% sample, based on the national age composition, did not include the 4,240,000 people in military service which, as .42% of the total population, did not constitute a large differential. The population has grown rapidly since 1949. A few years before and after 1960, growth was reduced due to economic conditions, but the overall growth trend remained unchanged. The census showed that since 1970, growth has experienced a downturn, but the decrease was not related to the sudden drop before and after 1960. The census also showed China's population had changed from 1964's primarily young population to an adult population, but the process of population aging is only beginning, with a still relatively young population. China's population is not a stable one. This increase and decrease were greatly influenced by the changes in social and economic conditions. The disparity in age composition caused by these changes has created problems in social life, education, employment, marriage, housing, health, transportation, and cultural facilities. There are large differences in age composition between regions and ethnic groups. The decreases in birth and growth rate of the eastern coastal provinces were more rapid than those of the southwest and northwest regions. The age composition of minority nationalities is considerably younger than the Han people. Factors that influenced age composition characteristics included reduction of the neonatal mortality rate, the rises and falls of economic development, and the work in planned fertility.     

Estimates of population size and growth from the 1952-54 and 1961 censuses of the Kingdom of Nepal

Abstract The Census of Nepal conducted in 1961 conforms to the generally accepted requirements for a national census. Some doubt could be raised about the previous census as part of the country was enumerated in 1952 and part in 1954. More serious doubts still could be entertained about earlier censuses, including their very existence, though there are persistent rumours that they were carried out every ten years or so since about the middle of the previous century. We have only been able to lay our hands on some data in respect of four earlier censuses: those of 1911, 1920, 1930 and 1941. Little more is available than population totals for some of the component areas from these four censuses, and even then the boundaries and coverage of the component parts are uncertain.     

China's New Demographic Reality: Learning from the 2010 Census

China conducted its sixth modern census in 2010, recording a total of 1.34 billion people. This article presents an overview of the early census results. The data are of reasonable quality but contain some apparent defects where adjustments may be required. The census confirms that China has entered the era of demographic modernity and depicts the vast transformation of the country's rural‐urban distribution. Life expectancy has risen by 3–4 years in the decade since the last census, while fertility remains well below replacement—probably as low as 1.5 births per woman—and the sex ratio at birth is still significantly elevated. Low fertility and falling old‐age mortality are leading to continued and rapid population aging. Several coastal provinces grew by as much as 40 percent in the last decade, while a number of inland provinces have recorded population decline. China has reached an overall urban proportion of 50 percent.     

1982-2005年间回族人口分布变动研究

本文根据1982年、1990年和2000年三次人口普查数据以及2005年全国人口抽样调查数据,对1982—2005年这23年间的回族人口分布变动进行了研究。结果显示：我国回族人口分布总体呈现不断集中的趋势;在西北、西南少数民族聚居的地区和经济较为发达的省区市,回族人口增长较快;在东北和中部的一些省份,回族人口增长较慢。