20世纪90年代中国人口死亡水平

在人口普查中,人口死亡容易发生漏报。文章分析了中国人口死亡漏报的社会原因,利用两次普查的人口数据证明了人口死亡漏报确实存在。为了估计出实际的人口死亡水平,对两次普查的人口数据质量进行了推敲,根据登记的人口和死亡率数据的不同情况,提出了相应的修正方法。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代男性的预期寿命为67.97岁,女性的预期寿命为71.34岁,均比人口普查登记资料算出的结果小1.5岁左右。     

广义稳定人口模型与中国人口估计

本文利用人口普查年龄分布数据和广义稳定人口模型,对1982²010年中国四次人口普查间的生育和死亡水平进行估计。研究表明,19822010年中国四次人口普查间的生育和死亡水平进行估计。研究表明,1982¹990年、19901990年、1990²000年和20002000年和2000²010年普查间生育和死亡水平的估计值(除了19902010年普查间生育和死亡水平的估计值(除了1990²000年的生育水平外)都与国家统计局公布的数据表现出高度的一致性。本文估计的19822000年的生育水平外)都与国家统计局公布的数据表现出高度的一致性。本文估计的1982¹990年和20001990年和2000²010年普查间平均出生率和出生人数略高于国家统计局的公布值,而估计的19902010年普查间平均出生率和出生人数略高于国家统计局的公布值,而估计的1990²000年普查间的平均出生率和出生人数要明显低于国家统计局的公布值。本文估计的19822000年普查间的平均出生率和出生人数要明显低于国家统计局的公布值。本文估计的1982¹990年、19901990年、1990²000年和20002000年和2000²010年各普查间平均总和生育率分别为2.65、1.68和1.56。本文的研究表明,基于广义稳定人口模型的人口估计方法是一种简便、有效的方法,在人口估计或数据质量评估方面具有很大的应用潜力和价值。     

中国近期生育率的再估计

文章利用国家统计局的人口普查和人口变动抽样调查数据,在假设2010年普查漏报率与1990年普查漏报率相同的条件下,再次估计了2005年以来中国的生育率。普查同队列人口的比较计算表明,1990年0~5岁人口漏报率高达7.7%。以此漏报率调整了2010年0~5岁人口,进而推算相应年份的出生人口和生育率。同时,又通过总和生育率与出生率之间的关系,利用国家统计局公布的出生率,间接估计了2005年以来的生育率。这两种方法得到的估计结果虽有差异,但可以认为存在一致性,也进一步证实了以往一些研究使用不同数据和方法进行估计得到的结果。估计结果表明,中国近期的生育水平不会低于1.5,很有可能在1.6左右的水平上。文章亦对研究假设和可能存在的缺陷进行了讨论。     

对2010年人口普查数据准确性的估计

文章根据2010年第六次全国人口普查汇总资料,利用人口分析技术和与历史数据、行政记录资料比较等方法,从人口的年龄、性别、生育、死亡、总规模、教育以及长表的代表性等多方面对六普的主要数据结果进行深入地分析,对普查数据的准确性进行客观地评估。结果表明,2010年普查登记的分年龄数据准确性差异较大,0～9岁低年龄人口存在漏报,20～45岁人口有重有漏,其余年龄组完整性较高;分性别数据与历史数据的一致性较好;妇女生育水平明显偏低;死亡人口数据漏报较为严重;分教育数据与教育部门的行政记录吻合度较高;长表的主要数据结构代表性较好。与2000年人口普查相比,2010年人口普查总人口的漏登率大幅降低,普查的总体质量明显提高。     

利用留存率估计普查间人口预期寿命的方法

利用两次普查的人口数来估计我国实际的死亡水平。在这方面,目前国内外有些方法,本文进行了简要的讨论,认为它们用于中国数据时尚有许多不尽人意之处。中国人口数据的情况是:在学龄前人口数报告有误,在学龄后人口数报告基本正确,但在婚育高峰年龄上年龄报告有误。针对这种情况,本文的做法是:先按两次普查的间隔时间进行年龄组合并。根据两次普查的人口数,求出学龄后两次普查对应同期群的留存率,通过与模式生命表相比较,用模式生命表中学龄前的存活率来估计我国学龄前存活率。由此作出两次普查间的生命表,并把它作为两次普查间的平均死亡水平,估计中国人口死亡的漏报程度,在此基础上,再估计上次普查和这一次普查时的死亡水平。     

不同受教育程度人口的死亡水平差异

利用１９９０年人口普查１％抽样数据带资料，运用统计分析的方法，分性别、城乡和区域对不同受教育程度人口的死亡水平进行比较研究，结果表明人口的受教育程度提高有助于降低死亡水平，其中城市和较发达地区的人口以及男性人口均有明显的随受教育程度上升死亡率下降的趋势。人口平均期望寿命表现出随受教育程度上升而延长的规律，并且各地区之间的差异清晰。文中还就各种死亡水平的差异做了初步的探讨。     

对中国2000年人口普查准确性的估计

《中国2000年人口普查资料》公布了2000年人口普查直接登记的总人口124261万人,以及详细的各种结构数据,为深入分析中国人口问题提供了方便。本文利用人口分析技术和与其他有关统计资料比较等方法,从人口的年龄、性别构成,总人口,生育,死亡以及长表代表性几个方面对这些数据的准确性进行了评估,客观地评价了普查数据的质量,也为数据使用者提供了参考。     

1990年代中国生育水平研究

1990年代我国的生育水平究竟是多少,这一直是个谜。本文利用中国一直独立存在的严密而周全的教育统计数据,来估计2000年人口普查中的漏报,最终估计我国1990年代的生育水平。通过教育统计数据对人口普查数据进行调整,重构2000年普查0~9岁人口的年龄性别结构;并将2000年0~9岁人口转换为1991~2000年历年的出生人数,进而估算1990年代我国的生育水平。从推算和估计的结果看,我国1991年生育率达到更替水平,之后进一步下降,低于更替水平。1990年代后期我国的总和生育率在1.7~1.8。     

1982～2010年期间四次全国人口普查数据一致性研究——基于出生人口队列的分析

数据一致性是反映人口普查数据质量高低的重要指标。文章以第三、四、五、六次全国人口普查数据为基础,充分考虑人口死亡因素,比较同一出生队列人口在不同普查年份的人口规模,以此对人口普查数据一致性进行检验。研究中主要有三点发现:一是分时期进行分析,在"三普"至"六普"的28年间,九成以上出生队列人口存活率大于1,发生正偏离现象;二是对四次人口普查中的相邻两次普查依次进行比较,普查时处于0～90岁的91个出生队列人口偏离量逐渐增大,偏离率渐次上升;三是分性别来看,1982～2000年出生队列人口偏离程度存在显著性别差异。相当数量的出生队列人口出现系统性正偏离,表明在人口普查中存在较为严重的人口漏报、人口重报或死亡漏报。     

分年龄死亡人口的双重分组及其应用

众所周知,每个年龄组的死亡人口都来自两个出生同年群。例如,0岁死亡人口D_0就由当年出生当年死亡人口 D’_0和上年出生今年死亡人口 D”_0组成,即 D_0=D’_0+D”_0。在涉及人口死亡的各种人口指标的计算中,通常由于无法将这两部分死亡人口分开,只好利用一些公式以获得近似的数据。我国第四次人口普查登记了死亡人口的出生年月和死亡年月,为将死亡人口既按死亡年龄又按出生年度汇总提供了可能。本文拟就昆明市对1989年7月至1990年6月(普查时点前一年)死亡人口进行双重分组及初步应用情况做一些探讨。     

The Level and Age Pattern of Mortality in Bandafassi (Eastern Senegal): Results From a Small-Scale and Intensive Multi-Round Survey

The data collected in the Bandafassi demographic study in Eastern Senegal, a small-scale intensive and experimental follow-up survey of a population of about 7,000 in 1983, were analysed to derive an estimated life table. The use of multi-round surveys, combined with anthropological methods to estimate ages and collect genealogies, has resulted in unusually reliable data. Taking into account the uncertainty of the estimates due to the small size of the population, mortality was high, with life-expectancy at birth close to 31 years; a pattern of infant and child mortality close to that observed in other rural areas of Senegal, with a very high level or mortality between ages six months and three years; a seasonal pattern in child mortality with two high-risk periods, the rainy season and the end of the dry season; an adult mortality pattern similar to that described in model life tables for developed countries; no significant difference by sex or ethnic group. The Bandafassi population study and a few similar studies suggest that one possible way to improve demographic estimates in countries where vital registration systems are defective would be to set up a sample of population laboratories where intensive methods of data collection would continue for extended periods.     

Educational Attainment and Mortality in the United States: Effects of Degrees,Years of Schooling,and Certification

Researchers have extensively documented a strong and consistent education gradient for mortality, with more highly educated individuals living longer than those with less education. This study contributes to our understanding of the education–mortality relationship by determining the effects of years of education and degree attainment on mortality, and by including non-degree certification, an important but understudied dimension of educational attainment. We use data from the mortality-linked restricted-use files of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) sample (N = 9821) and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate mortality risk among U.S. adults. Results indicate that more advanced degrees and additional years of education are associated with reduced mortality risk in separate models, but when included simultaneously, only degrees remain influential. Among individuals who have earned a high school diploma only, additional years of schooling (beyond 12) and vocational school certification (or similar accreditation) are both independently associated with reduced risks of death. Degrees appear to be most important for increasing longevity; the findings also suggest that any educational experience can be beneficial. Future research in health and mortality should consider including educational measures beyond a single variable for educational attainment.     

大城市外来流动人口管理模式探析——以上海为例

改革开放三十年来,上海在外来流动人口管理方面进行了积极的探索和实践,实现了由单项管理向综合管理转变的适应性调整。新形势下流动人口管理思路需要进一步丰富和完善,政府及管理部门不仅要探索建立高效的人口管理体制和运行机制,还要建立健全人口登记管理制度,推动外来流动人口市民化的政策设计应由"选择性排斥"走向"普惠制"。     

我国流动人口的最新状况

改革开放以来,我国流动人口规模不断增加,流动人口群体引起全社会的关注。本文利用第六次全国人口普查数据分析流动人口的最新状况。研究发现。流动人口的普遍化趋势增强,经济因素仍然是主要的流动原因,“中长期”流动不断增加．跨省流动人口比重提高,三大区域流动人口比重发生不同变化,年龄构成仍显成年化,性别构成均衡化受到挑战,女性流动人口自主化增强,流动人口家庭化特征明显,平均受教育程度已超过义务教育年限。     

The Benefits of Educational Attainment for U.S. Adult Mortality: Are they Contingent on the Broader Environment?

The growing recognition that educational attainment is one of the strongest preventive factors for adult health and longevity has fueled an interest in educational attainment as a population health strategy. However, less attention has been given to identifying social, economic, and behavioral resources that may moderate the health and longevity benefits of education. We draw on theories of resource substitution and multiplication to examine the extent to which the education–mortality association is contingent on other resources (marriage, employment, income, healthy lifestyles). We use data on adults aged 30–84 in the 1997–2006 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File and estimate discrete-time event history models stratified by gender (N = 146,558; deaths = 10,399). We find that the mortality benefits of education are generally largest for adults—especially women—who have other resources such as employment and marriage, supporting the theory of resource multiplication. Nonetheless, our results also imply that other resources can potentially attenuate the mortality disadvantages (advantages) associated with low (high) levels of education. The findings suggest that efforts to improve population health and longevity by raising education levels should be augmented with strategies that assure widespread access to social, economic, and behavioral resources.     

女性人口社会保障获得的户籍差异——基于城乡分割与区域分割视角

利用2005年广东省1%人口抽样调查数据,在城乡分割与区域分割的视角下,将女性人口区分为四群体：本地女性市民、本地农村女性、外来女性市民和外来农村女性。分析了不同户籍身份女性人口获得基本社会保险差异的基本情况,并通过logistic回归分析了社会保险获得的影响因素。     

The educational attainment of young women: Role model effects of female high school faculty

To test for the presence of role model effects of female high school faculty and professional staff on young women in high school, we estimate several models of educational attainment for young women using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Exposure to female high school faculty and professional staff has a positive impact on the educational attainment of young women. This result, combined with our finding that female faculty and professional staff have no significant impact on the educational attainment of young men, supports a female role model hypothesis.     

Infant mortality in the Marshall Islands

Levy and Booth present previously unpublished infant mortality rates for the Marshall Islands. They use an indirect method to estimate infant mortality from the 1973 and 1980 censuses, then apply indirect and direct methods of estimation to data from the Marshall Islands Women's Health Survey of 1985. Comparing the results with estimates of infant mortality obtained from vital registration data enables them to estimate the extent of underregistration of infant deaths. The authors conclude that 1973 census appears to be the most valid information source. Direct estimates from the Women's Health Survey data suggest that infant mortality has increased since 1970-1974, whereas the indirect estimates indicate a decreasing trend in infant mortality rates, converging with the direct estimates in more recent years. In view of increased efforts to improve maternal and child health in the mid-1970s, the decreasing trend is plausible. It is impossible to estimate accurately infant mortality in the Marshall Islands during 1980-1984 from the available data. Estimates based on registration data for 1975-1979 are at least 40% too low. The authors speculate that the estimate of 33 deaths per 1000 live births obtained from registration data for 1984 is 40-50% too low. In round figures, a value of 60 deaths per 1000 may be taken as the final estimate for 1980-1984.     

Estimation of vital rates by means of monte carlo simulation

Monte Carlo simulation has been used to estimate age-specific fertility and mortality rates for a small population,the French-derived isolate of Northside on St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands. Estimates were based on data collected in a household census and genealogical survey and on birth, death, and marriage records for the years 1916to 1966. During this 50-year period (in which the population size increased from 202 to 657), the numbers of births and deaths were too, small to estimate age-specific rates directly, and in addition, death registration was incomplete. Mortality rates were estimated using a simulation program in which mortality was the only stochastic variable. A model mortality schedule was chosen which most accurately reproduced the growth pattern of the population over the 50-year period. To estimate fertility rates, a more complex simulation model was used in which fertility, nuptiality, and mortality were random variables with probability distributions. Preliminary estimates of fertility were made from the birth records and used as input to this simulation program. Birth probabilities were adjusted empirically from one set of simulation runs to the next, until population growth rates, as well as other demographic characteristics, were similar in the real and simulated populations. The birth rates which produced the best fit to the real population data were taken as the estimated age-specific fertility schedule. To reproduce the real population age structure more closely, secular changes in birth probabilities were applied.     

The socio-demographic legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia

The study presented in this paper is an examination of the long-term impact of genocide during the period of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-79) in Cambodia. The very high and selective mortality of the period had a major impact on the population structure of Cambodia. Fertility and marriage rates were both very low under the Khmer Rouge, but recovered immediately after the regime's collapse. Because of the shortage of eligible men, the age and education differences between partners tended to decline. The period also had a lasting impact on the educational attainment of the population. The school system collapsed during the period and therefore individuals -- especially men -- who were of school age at the time have a lower educational attainment than those from the preceding and subsequent birth cohorts.