有限理性下序贯价格竞争的动态演化

本文建立了两个企业的序贯价格竞争模型，基于有限理性预期调整，研究了企业博弈的动态演化特征，分析了模型的均衡解及其稳定性条件。研究发现，边界解和纳什均衡解是一定参数条件下的局部稳定均衡。基于有限理性的动态博弈能够实现基于完全信息的纳什均衡。单纯跟随策略是一定条件下的均衡策略，并能使跟随企业获得更高的销售价格。企业之间报价的相互跟随程度和企业预期的调整速度将会影响均衡点的稳定性。本文对模型进行了数值模拟分析，当参数不满足稳定性条件时会出现分岔、奇异吸引子等混沌现象。本文的主要研究结果对相关行业的企业竞争和稳定市场有启发意义。     

非线性技术演化条件下的专利研发投资决策研究

本文将基于TRIZ理论的非线性技术演化规律引入到专利研发投资的期权博弈模型中,分别在完全垄断市场和双寡头竞争市场条件下,讨论了受技术演化影响时企业所蕴含的实物期权特征,并基于博弈均衡分析了企业于技术演化时间轴上进行专利研发投资的最优投资时机选择和面对具有不同投资风险技术时的应对方案。研究结果表明：在非线性技术演化条件下,完全垄断市场中的企业投资临界值会随技术发展下降,进而促使企业对高技术风险专利展开提前投资;在双寡头竞争市场中,企业会为争当领导者而选择放弃其期权价值,将投资提前至专利价值较低的技术发展初期执行,形成非帕累托最优的同时投资均衡;此外,企业会对高风险高收益的技术呈现优先投资的偏好。本文的结论能够在一定程度上解释企业在技术发展初期就进行高额研发投资的动机,以及技术自身属性如何对投资决策造成的影响,可以为现实中企业在面临类似投资问题时做出理性决策提供参考。     

创新网络嵌入视角下企业研发竞争的博弈研究

研发投入是创新发展的基础和源泉,如何促进企业研发投入是实施创新驱动战略的关键。本文基于创新网络嵌入的背景,构建同一创新网络内两个企业间的博弈模型,针对不同网络位置企业竞争博弈和相同网络位置企业竞争博弈两种情形,探究在研发竞争状态下企业研发投入受网络地位、网络关系的影响情况。研究结果表明:创新网络嵌入下,同质企业的竞争性研发投入与网络范围的技术溢出、网络平均吸收能力以及网络中心度均存在正向相关关系。研究结论丰富了企业研发投入影响因素的研究成果,也为有效激励企业创新提供一个有价值的思路。     

奖励型众筹模式下考虑银行融资的企业最优运作策略研究

本文研究了企业在奖励型众筹模式下的最优运作策略,同时考虑了众筹融资不足时,企业继续向银行贷款的情况。通过分析众筹项目的运作机制,我们构建了企业在奖励型众筹模式下的决策模型,并研究得到了关于企业研发投入成本,产品生产量及众筹融资目标的最优策略及相关性质。最后,利用Kickstarter众筹平台上的实际数据进行数值实验,本文验证了相关的研究结论。研究表明:1)只有在众筹融资额达到一定阈值的前提下,企业才愿意投入研发成本,此时企业的研发投入成本及产品生产量都将随众筹投资者的需求增大;2)为保证投资者和银行对众筹项目具有投资意愿,同时也为确保众筹成功的项目具有盈利性,存在关于融资目标的可行域,使企业在启动众筹项目时需要将融资目标设置在该可行域内;3)企业通过众筹平台获得的期望融资额不会随融资目标增加,且企业的最优融资目标为融资目标在其可行域中的下界;4)此外,我们通过数值实验还发现最优众筹目标不会随企业的研发效率而增加。     

财务柔性对新兴制造企业研发投入的影响研究——基于竞争战略的双重效应

在剖析财务柔性对企业研发投入的影响中引入企业竞争战略,通过实证研究发现财务柔性与研发投入强度之间正相关关系显著,企业竞争战略的不同维度对研发投入强度的影响存在差异;企业竞争战略的不同维度对财务柔性与研发投入强度关系的调节作用存在不同作用机理。     

不同竞合模式下企业研发投资决策及绩效——基于不确定条件的分析

考虑研发不确定条件,在研发阶段可合作,产出阶段产量竞争的两阶段动态博弈下,比较分析了不同竞合模式下,企业的研发决策及所能获得的研发绩效.结果表明,相对于研发竞争,只有溢出效应大时,研发卡特尔下企业才会降低研发门槛值,提高投资水平,同时,企业研发绩效得到增加,竞争研发联盟下企业一定会提高门槛值,降低投资水平,而其研发绩效是不确定的.卡特尔研发联盟优于其他模式,企业研发门槛值最低,投资水平最高,同时可获得最高研发缋效.此外,研发竞争下,溢出增加时企业一定会提升门槛值,降低投资水平,研发绩效可能会增加;研发卡特尔下,溢出增加企业一定会降低研发门槛值,提升投资水平,研发绩效增加.     

基于序贯博弈的企业研发合作动机研究

创新是当今时代的重大命题，企业通过持续创新以提升竞争力．与此同时，不断增加的研发费用和研发产出的不确定性促使企业寻求研发合作．本文探究了存在技术溢出下领导企业与追随企业的研发合作动机，重点分析了研发合作对企业竞争力、行业总研发投入和社会福利的影响，并讨论了政府如何在不同的溢出水平下实现社会福利最大化．本文构建了三阶段动态博弈模型：领导企业和追随企业在第一阶段决定是否建立研发合作，在第二阶段同时决定研发水平，在第三阶段进行序贯产量竞争．研究发现：首先，不同于静态博弈的情形，在序贯产量竞争中，只有当溢出水平在较低的范围内时，领导企业和追随企业才会建立研发合作关系；其次，研发合作可能会削弱领导企业的市场势力；最后，市场结果可能是无效的．本文的研究为政府制定相关政策提供了理论依据．     

FDI溢出、吸收能力与东道国IT产业的发展

通过构建东道国企业与跨国公司在IT产业的Bertrand博弈竞争模型,探讨东道国企业的技术能力、内外资企业市场竞争、行业特征、知识产权等微观、中观、宏观因素对跨国公司技术转移的吸收利用,并以分位数回归法分析吸收能力对FDI溢出效应的影响.研究结果表明,在内外资企业技术差距不大、竞争充分的条件下,竞争机制和东道国企业的技术创新能力是决定FDI溢出效应和技术转移的有效机制.东道国变量对处于不同分位的FDI溢出存在非对称性影响,具体而言,研发投入对FDI溢出的正向影响在条件分布的高端和低端最为显著,FDI的溢出效应随着技术差距和人力资本存量由条件分布的低端向高端变动都呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,知识产权保护程度的加大虽能促进FDI的流入,但不利于FDI的技术溢出,网络效应对FDI技术溢出具有较小但平稳的正向影响.     

TCL何以走向有序——从自组织观看品牌、市场、资产的良性互动

<正> 上世纪七十年代以来,当代科学前沿出现了很多如“耗散结构理论”、“协同学”、“混沌理论”等新兴的学科,它们的研究对象是具有非线性的复杂系统。在这类复杂系统中,自组织的理论尤为引人注目。自组织无需外界的指令而能自行组织、自行创生、自行演化,即能自主的从无序走向有序。 自组织系统所刻画的系统演化是开放的,远离平衡的。在有外部物质、能量、信息的非特定输入/输出的条件下,系统以其内部子系统之间的非线性相互作用为动力,即以其子系统之间的相互协同和竞争为动力,同时受到内外部随机涨落的启动,产生出集体运动的协同效应。 下面以TCL为例来分析一个企业自组织发展的条件、过程和特征。     

我国地方政府信用风险演化的混沌序解释及治理建议

地方政府信用风险,即地方政府履职受公众感知与评价的不确定性等诸多风险因子的影响,这些貌似随机的风险因子在奇异吸引子的作用下,使地方政府信用系统不断耦合出复杂的非线性网络相空间,并且奇异吸引子的存在使地方政府信用风险不能无序、无界演化,而是在混沌吸引子作用下,通过结构分形与过程分形呈现出具有显著内在随机性、初值敏感性的混沌序结构。据此演化,从制度、评价机制以及媒体宣传方面提出治理我国地方政府信用风险的三点建议。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.