Contested Citizenship: Renaming Processes among People of Transgender Experience

ABSTRACT

Scholars have illustrated the significance of forenames in processes of social identity and personhood, yet little attention has focused on the relationship between names and gender identity among people of transgender experience. This article uses mixed methods to consider what’s in a name among people of transgender experience whose gender identities are within and outside of the gender binary. Chi-square analyses demonstrate a robust association between gender identity and gendered characteristics of the current name. While there are nuanced differences according to gender identity, renaming is fundamental to recognition and an important cultural practice for all people of transgender experience. Names are also controllable state objects, which pose tensions between administrative governance and the individual, who has the right to legally amend them. Ultimately, transgender name stories reveal the ways that names become active sites of contested citizenship.     

The domains of life satisfaction: An attempt to order chaos

While life satisfaction is commonly measured as an aggregate of individual life domains, the characterisation of such domains is uncertain. This study attempts to group 173 different domains names derived from the literature under seven headings as used by the Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale (ComQol). It was found that 68% could be classified in this way. Moreover, due to the repeated use of some domain names, the ComQol classification included 83% of the total reported data. The ComQol domain data did not differ from single-item global measures of life satisfaction and the within-study variance was lower using the ComQol rather than the original domains. A hierarchy of domain satisfaction was found which was dominated by the domain of intimacy. The other ComQol domains were quite tightly clustered within a range of 1.08 standard deviations. No difference was found between normative data and data gathered from people with a chronic medical condition, but people selected on psychiatric criteria had a lower life quality, most particularly in the domain of intimacy. It is concluded that life satisfaction, and therefore subjective well-being, can be economically and validly measured through the seven ComQol domains.     

Correction to: How socioeconomic and environmental factors impact the migration destination choices of different population groups in China: an eigenfunction-based spatial filtering analysis

Population and Environment - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The names of Yaojun Zhang and Xiwei Wu were inadvertently interchanged.     

“A Cruel Medium for a Woman”

The developing Melbourne television service featured a number of female personalities who successfully transcended the circumscribed boundaries of their on-camera roles to become household names. Personalities like Corinne Kerby, Panda Lisner, and Toni Lamond were pivotal to the affective connection that many viewers forged with live, locally produced shows. Yet, these women have all but disappeared from the official histories of Australian television, as well as from the shared recollections of the past that form the “public archive” of Australian television. This article not only seeks to recuperate these early performances, but to examine the public discourses that circulated around these personalities, their TV personas, and their private lives.     

Living same-name siblings and British historical demography

This article examines the extent to which living siblings were given identical first names. Whilst the practice of sibling name-sharing appeared to have died out in England during the eighteenth century, in northern Scotland it persisted at least until the end of the nineteenth century. Previously it has not been possible to provide quantitative evidence of this phenomenon, but an analysis of the rich census and vital registration data for the Isle of Skye reveals that this practice was widespread, with over a third of eligible families recording same-name siblings. Our results suggest that further research should focus on regional variations in sibling name-sharing and the extent to which this northern pattern occurred in other parts of Britain.     

An update on the pill

The discussion traces the development of the oral contraceptive (OC) pill and presents the most recent medical findings on OC and its effects. In 1959 the 1st combined OC, Enovid, was officially approved for use in the US after clinical trials in Los Angeles and Puerto Rico. By 1975, OCs were being used in the US by more than 1/3 of married women who practiced family planning and by an even higher percentage of unmarried contraceptive users. Retail pharmacy sales of OCs have declined by 40% during the 1975-79 period. The major reason given for the decline was the side effects or fear of side effects arising from OC use. Many OCs are available today because of an increasing variety of chemical combinations and the rapid increase in product names, according to "Oral Contraceptives: A Guide for Programs and Clinics," a Pathfinder Fund handbook. The authors classified OCs into 2 general groups -- combined pills and the mini-pills. OCs used in the combined preparation each contain 2 synthetic hormones -- estrogen and progestin. The combined OC is 99% effective when taken properly. The most popular belief now is that OCs act by interfering with the normal menstrual cycle. The mini-pills, which contain small doses of synthetic progestins, have a contraceptive effect by altering the cervical mucus and by altering the lining of the womb or endometrium. Absolute, strong relative, and other relative contraindications to pill use are listed. Side effects that are possibly life threatening include blood clots in the legs, pelvis (lower abdomen), lungs, heart, or brain. Women OC users over 40 have a higher risk of heart attack than younger users, and users over 40 who smoke have the highest risk of heart attack. Benign tumors of the liver, which have been found to be more common in women who use OCs, may cause rupture of the capsule of the liver, extensive bleeding, and even death. Rare tumors of the liver, hepatocelluar adenomas, are more likely to occur in long term OC users, older women, and women using high dose pills. Side effects considered serious are gallbladder disease and hypertension. Fairly minor OC side effects are listed as are noncontraceptive benefits of OC use.     

The constancy of local populations and migration in England before 1800

The possibility of obtaining numerical measures of the constancy of local populations and of migrations by comparing lists of names of inhabitants at successive dates is considered and illustrated by brief summaries of results obtained by earlier writers and by the present writer. These results are promising, and suggest important contrasts between different periods and between different parts of the country, but are too few in number and too limited in scope to lead to conclusive generalizations. A systematic study of the material based on a scientific sampling scheme is suggested as a method of extending our knowledge of these aspects of demographic history.     

World population year

The purposes of the World Population Year (1974) declared by the General Assembly of the United Nations are: 1) to improve knowledge of and information about population trends; 2) sharpen awareness of population problems and their implications; 3) provide education on population, family life and reproduction; 4) stimulate consideration of alternative policies in the population and development fields, and 5) expand international cooperation in the population field and supply increased technical assistance to countries needing and desiring it. The central core of activity is the United Nations Conference which is a series of meetings under various names culminating in the final World Population Conference to be held in Bucharest in August, 1974.     

The strange history and problematic future of the Australian census

When looking back into the first century of Australian history following white settlement we often rely on the records of musters, listings and censuses to provide information on individuals and communities. The first census of New South Wales in 1828 was little more than a directory of names of settlers and settlements, but both professional historians and genealogists regard it as invaluable. As the scientific principles of censuses were developed over the course of the nineteenth century the information collected became ever more important for social scientists and economists. In the twentieth century, professional historians in the UK and USA opened wholly new perspectives on society by looking to the census for records of common families who were not recorded in the newspapers or diaries of the time, and the community structures in which they lived. Unfortunately such innovations have not been possible in Australia. The individual records of most colonial and all Commonwealth censuses are not to be found in the libraries or archives. The destruction of original census records in Australia has been the result of misadventure and government policies reflecting great fear about the impact of popular privacy concerns on public compliance with the census operations. This paper explores the history behind the anomalous practice of destroying census records in Australia, and poses questions about the role of the census in the writing of histories of Australian people and Australian communities.     

A Marxian-Malthusian view of poverty and development

Abstract The names of Marx and Malthus are often linked in disjunction but never in conjunction. Nevertheless, the thesis argued in this paper is that the two historically dominant theories of poverty, the Marxian and the Malthusian, are not inconsistent, but complementary; that a union of the two yields a basic fourfold typology of social classes by differential ownership of property and differential fertility; that this typology can also be viewed as a way of disaggregating the meaningless average of 'GNP per head' in a way which gives social content (i.e. a distributional dimension) to the concept; that the typology provides more satisfactory definitions of 'development' and 'overpopulation'; and that these four categories are improved, or usefully supplemented, by replacing the flowof income by the stock of wealth in each case. Also the universality of the typology is discussed along with some preliminary empirical considerations.     

Sampling techniques and the use of Tang's procedure in insect population dynamics studies

Summary Some calculations were performed usingTang's method as an aid in planning experiments for studying the population dynamics of the Jeffrey pine beetle. The population dynamics studies were aimed at detecting the importance of specific effects, e. g., tree diameter, tree height. TheTang procedure is a method of estimating the sample size required to detect effects of a given magnitude with analysis of variance tests. Using this procedure some sample calculations were performed which indicated the sample size needed, and the efficacy of different strategies of improving the results, e. g., increasing the number of trees sampled versus increasing the area of the tree sampled. The statistical parameters used in the calculations were estimated from some preliminary sampling data. Use of this procedure is recommended in insect population studies as a method of optimally planning experiments, and as a method of making precise conclusions about the significance of specific effects. This study was supported by Contracts 68-03-0273 and 68-03-2442 with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. This paper has been reviewed by the Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

Advantages and disadvantages of pregnancy and contraception: Teenagers' perceptions

Research has shown that teenagers' perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of pregnancy and contraception are significant predictors of pregnancy risk taking. This analysis examines the content and determinants of these cost-benefit sets, using data from 425 sexually active adolescents. The results indicate that teens' perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of pregnancy and contraception are neither strongly nor systematically related to each other. Moreover, the determinants of the four cost-benefit sets are varied, although there is some overlap between sets. Explanations of these findings and implications for future research and for the delivery of family planning services to teenagers are suggested.The authors names are listed alphabetically. The work reported herein was supported by an NICHD grant No. 1 R01-HD-1485-01. Direct all communication to Debra Kalmuss, Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, 60 Haven Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10032.     

Marital Disruption and Health Insurance

Despite the high levels of marital disruption in the United States and the fact that a significant portion of health insurance coverage for those less than age 65 is based on family membership, surprisingly little research is available on the consequences of marital disruption for the health insurance coverage of men, women, and children. We address this shortfall by examining patterns of coverage surrounding marital disruption for men, women, and children, further subset by educational level. Using the 1996, 2001, and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we find large differences in health insurance coverage across marital status groups in the cross-section. In longitudinal analyses that focus on within-person change, we find small overall coverage changes but large changes in type of coverage following marital disruption. Both men and women show increases in private coverage in their own names, but offsetting decreases in dependent coverage tend to be larger. One surprising result is that dependent coverage for children also declines after marital dissolution, even though children are still likely to be eligible for that coverage. Children and (to a lesser extent) women show increases in public coverage around the time of divorce or separation. We also find that these patterns differ by education. The most vulnerable group appears to be lower-educated women with children because the increases in private, own-name, and public insurance are not large enough to offset the large decrease in dependent coverage. As the United States implements federal health reform, it is critical that we understand the ways in which life course events—specifically, marital disruption—shape the dynamic patterns of coverage.     

Demographic Data on the Victims of the September 11, 2001 Terror Attack on the World Trade Center,New York City

The magnitude of the death toll resulting from the attack on the World Trade Center is without precedent in the history of terrorist acts. Because of the scale and destructiveness of the buildings' collapse, a final list of the victims required a lengthy process, more so than was the case at the other sites of terrorist violence on the same day—at the Pentagon, Virginia (193 killed, 68 of these on American Airlines Flight 77), and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania (45 killed in the crash of United Airlines Flight 93). After the passing of a year, the list of the victims in New York, while essentially complete, is still not officially closed. On August 19, 2002, the city's medical examiner's office issued a list containing 2,819 names. Reproduced below are some data, released by the city's office of vital statistics, on the demographic characteristics of 2,723 victims (59 of these on United Airlines Flight 175 and 89 on American Airlines Flight 11) for whom a death certificate had been issued—an exacting procedure—as of August 16,2002. The cause of death, in each instance, was entered as homicide. The age distribution reflects the character of the World Trade Center—a workplace—and the time of day—early for tourist visits. The youngest victims perished as passengers in the two airplanes flown into the twin towers.     

Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Discontinuation Because of Dissatisfaction: Differences by Race and Education

The unintended pregnancy rate in the United States remains high, and there are large race and education differences in unintended pregnancy and fertility. These differences make it important to study race and education differences in contraceptive behavior. Using nationally representative data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, this study examines the effects of race and education on the likelihood that women have ever used particular types of hormonal contraception and have ever discontinued hormonal contraception because of dissatisfaction. The results show that blacks and Latinas were more likely to have used injectable contraceptives (??the shot??) and less likely to have used oral contraceptives (??the pill??) than were white women. Women with less education were more likely than college-educated women to have used the shot but there were no significant education differences in use of the pill. Among women who had ever used hormonal birth control, those with less than a college degree were more likely than college-educated women to discontinue the birth control because of dissatisfaction. However, net of education, this study found no significant racial/ethnic differences in discontinuation. The most commonly stated reason for discontinuation because of dissatisfaction was side effects.     

Inter-generation differences in occupation

As one of the steps taken to test the validity of the 1951 population census data in England and Wales some of the information on a sample of census schedules was compared with the relevant entries int he birth register for the persons whose names appeared on the schedules. In the course of this procedure it was possible to compare the occupation of the son at the time of the census with the occupation of the father when the son was born. This paper gives an account of the inter-generation changes in the occupational shifts involved in social mobility. Generally speaking, only one-quarter of the sons were following occupations either the same as that of the fater, or close enough to it to be within the same order of the classification of occupations. In these changes the main departures from selections of a “free choice” character were that agricultural workers' sons tended more often to choose manual occupations in woodwork, building and transport, etc; sons of fathers in mining and quarrying occupations showed a tendency to enter, as alternative employment, building, stationary engine driving, and labouring; there is a suggestion that rather more sons of workers in metal manufacture or engineering than would be expected took employment in commercial, etc., or clerical occupations; sons of fathers in commercial, finance and insurance occupations found their way more often into administration and managerial or professional and technical, or clerical occupations; sons of fathers in professional and technical occupations entered commercial, finance and insurance occupations more often than males in general; and sons of clerks showed a marked tendency to prefer professional and technical occupations. In terms of socio-economic groups the analysis shows a net generation shift toward the administrative, professional and managerial groups. In this net shift the major contributions, relative to their numbers and over and above a free choice selection, were made by the sons of shopkeepers, etc., and clerks.     

México's demographic transition: Public policy and spatial process

A logistic growth equation is used to model México's epidemiological and fertility transitions, creating variables used to model the spatial diffusion of demographic change across the states. Consistent with the goals of the Lázaro Cárdenas administration, the epidemiological transition unfolded uniformly across the states, accessible to rich and poor alike, but the urban-oriented family planning programs introduced by Luis Echeverria have favored elites, have diffused selectively, and have ensured that the burdens of the population explosion have borne down most heavily on the poor and the remote. Betsy Brewer, Cyprain Engwenyi, Mark Frank and Mark Frost also provided research assistance.     

Recent course of fertility in Western Europe

An examination of recent fertility movements in 15 industrialized countries shows that in all of them fertility has tended to fall since 1965, and that there has been a tendency for it to decline to a level never previously observed in peacetime. In countries with the lowest fertility there have recently been some signs of stabilization. Changes in the distribution of ages at maternity have reinforced this trend; mean completed family size has been affected less.

We have used weighted averages to calculate monthly fertility rates in an endeavour to pinpoint turning points more precisely. Such indices may also be used to describe seasonal movements in fertility.