Human Rights in the 20th Century

Summary

This article seeks to answer the question raised in its title. To that end, the evolution of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is discussed in the context of lesbian and gay rights, internationally and in the United States. The political and psychosocial dynamics of homophobic hatred are addressed, including the correlation of human rights abuses to heterosexism and the denigration of the feminine. The article discusses institutionalized gay oppression that serves to deny human rights, demonizing gay and lesbian people to such a degree that hate crimes become feasible. Finally, the importance of the globalization of non-governmental organizations on behalf of LGBT human rights advocacy is stressed.     

Model Employers and Good Government in the Late 19th and Late 20th Centuries

This study compares models of the good employer in the late 19th and late 20th centuries, using a content analysis of leading business periodicals. We find striking differences between the two eras, both in their recipes for more efficient employment practices and in their understanding of the benefits of those practices. We consider possible explanations for these divergent conceptions of rational labor relations and argue that each period's image of the exemplary employer corresponds to prevailing ideals of political reform.     

青年与现代性——从19世纪末德国的“候鸟运动”谈起

在19世纪末20世纪初的德国,由一群青年学生兴起的”候鸟运动”迅速风靡了整个德语世界．其宗旨是反对学校教育,崇尚自然,反对工业化和现代化。这种反现代主义的倾向与后来纳粹主义的兴起不无关联。从同时代的德国青年桑巴特身上可以看见青年对现代性看法的剧烈转变。青年运动并不具有天然的”正义性”,越是像德国和中国这样的后发现代化的国家,越是要警惕反现代的青年运动或青年思潮可能带来的灾难性后果。     

从造“器”到育“人”——中外青少年科学教育理论述评

科学教育在世界各国受到普遍重视,但中国教育领域长期以来对科学教育的认识失重就轻,为此,本文对科学态度、科学知识、科学方法与科学教育的价值定位及科学教育的发展趋势作了分析和预测。     

Academic Stratification in Secondary Schools and the Educational Plans of Students*

Deux composantes du systeme de stratification sociale des ecoles secondaires sont reliees aux aspirations scolaires des etudiants. Ces facteurs sont l'arrange-ment des cours en programmes d'etudes et 1'evaluation du rendement de l'etu-diant. Ce dernier facteur est apprecie a partir de l'experience de l'echec par l'etudiant et du taux des echecs dans son ecole. L'analyse des donnees recoltees aupres d'un echantillon a l'echelle canadienne d'etudiants frequentant trois cent soixante (360) ecoles secondaires, met en relief le fait que le programme d'etude dans lequel on place un etudiant est le facteur qui influence le plus ses projets scolaires. L'impact des variables se rapportant aux echecs est aussi d'une grande importance. Les donnees indiquent egalement que la position de l'etudiant dans le systeme de stratification scolaire est plus fortement associee a ses projets scolaires qu'a la position de son pere dans la structure professionnelle. Two components of the stratification system within secondary schools are related to the educational intentions of students. These factors are the organization of the curriculum into programmes of study and the evaluation of the students' performance. The latter is considered from the point of view of the experience of failure by the student and of the rate of failure in the school. The analysis of data collected from a Canada-wide sample of students in 360 secondary schools reveals that the programme of study in which the student is placed has the strongest impact on his educational intentions; the effect of the variables pertaining to failure is also substantial. The data also show that the student's position in the school stratification system is more strongly related to his educational intentions than the position of his father in the occupational structure.     

Living Longer: Ageing, Development and Social Protection

Living Longer provides the reader with an overview of currentdevelopments in social policy for older people in a fast-changingworld. As its United Nations Research Institute for Social Development(UNRISD) status suggests, this text brings together the complexitiesand subtleties of changing welfare state systems worldwide.It has been published as a culmination of UNRISD funded internationalresearch, initially disseminated at a conference in Madrid in2002. This book has appeal for community activists, policy-makers,practitioners and academics who wish to understand more fullythe state of development and social policy affecting older peoplein a diverse range of countries, each of which is influencedby global change. Contributions come from authors who are clearly knowledgeableabout their own country's historical and political context andwho are thus able to demonstrate the impact     

Civility, Rituals, and Exclusion: The Emergence of American Golf during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

This study examines the relationship between golf and civility and advances the work of Norbert Elias by providing a theoretically informed analysis of the ritual dynamics involved in the civilizing process. Employing content analysis of texts and other forms of data, the authors examine the origins of American golf between 1894 and 1920 and the way various attributes of civility were expressed in this newly emerging recreational pursuit. This research demonstrates that social characteristics of civility found in European noble pastimes were also present in the American game of golf. These qualities dictated a civilized code of conduct and etiquette that included self–restraint, practice, courteousness, proper decorum, compliance, and honorable behavior. Such a code of conduct distinguished the upper class from those of lower rank and designated the game of golf for the former while discouraging others from participating in this pastime.     

20世纪马格里布地区小说概述(下)

三、摩洛哥 摩洛哥的阿拉伯文小说出现较晚,具有现代意义新小说的产生除受阿拉伯东方(主要是埃及、黎巴嫩、叙利亚)新小说的影响外,也是受西方(主要是法国)文学影响的结果.     

Timing Effects on Divorce: 20th Century Experience in the United States

Period divorce measures can misrepresent the underlying behavior of birth cohorts as changes in cohort timing produce changes in period probabilities of divorce. Building on methods used to adjust period fertility and marriage measures, we adjust U.S. period divorce rates for timing effects, calculating a timing index for every year between 1910 and 2000. The adjusted probability of divorce, PMED*, increases nearly linearly from 1910 through 1990, remaining at about that level through 2000. Period measures greatly exaggerate divorce risks from the early 1970s to the mid‐1980s, but understate them at other times. Adjusted values for recent years do not suggest a decline in the likelihood of divorce, with year 2000 values indicating a divorce probability of 0.43 – 0.46.     

20世纪马格里布地区小说概述(上)

一、阿尔及利亚 阿尔及利亚独立前的阿拉伯文小说如凤毛麟角,但自独立以来,特别是全面贯彻阿拉伯化政策后,已逐渐发展、繁荣起来.     

Rise of the Department Store and the Aestheticization of Everyday Life in Early 20th Century Japan

Abstract:  This paper focuses on the ways in which the department store has become a key site for the constitution of Japanese modernity through the introduction of images and goods taken from the West, along with the emphasis on "Western design" and "Western taste". These new consumer spaces have become aestheticized in various ways so that we can speak of an "aestheticization" of everyday life. Yet this was also a modernizing learning process for Japanese consumers, hence a key problem was how these new experiences were to be classified and ordered into a relatively stable habitus. The rise of the department store has had an important mediating function here. Department stores not only provided new goods along with interpretations of how to use them, but also acted as theatres, as rehearsal spaces, with front and back stage areas where one can watch the performance, try out for oneself new roles. This is especially the case for women in the city, who were able to explore a new identity space with a new set of competence experiences and pleasures. In this process, the department store also provided a form of women's public sphere where they could enjoy shopping, entertainment and learning opportunities. Department stores encouraged not only a sense of luxury and theatrical settings, but also help to teach women how to assemble new tastes and styles into their lifestyle. In addition, it should be emphasized that in the Japanese case, department stores also played an important role not just as a new cultural initiative on the part of the businessmen and cultural intermediaries who invented consumer culture, but also as a political initiative on the part of the government who sought to link them to the reform of everyday life and the production of good Japanese citizens.     

20世纪末日本青少年问题考察

20世纪末,日本出现了青少年恶性犯罪及异常心理等“文明病”的问题,这既有非主流文化的影响、教育政策失误的原因,也有“自由化”、“个性化”教育改革和“学历社会”的矛盾因素。     

Marginality and the Academic*

The question of social and psychological separation of the academic and intellectual in American society is raised. The empirical literature, although in short supply, suggests that the academic is socially isolated from the larger society and experiences attitudinal alienation. Interviews with sixty-one college and university professors tended to confirm this view, but particularly so among those respondents who identified themselves as intellectuals.     

The Railway Switches of History: The Development of Disease Control in Britain and the United States in the 19th and early 20th Century

When Britain and the United States began to respond to outbreaks of disease in the 19^th century they developed two distinct systems of disease control. While not polar opposites, Britain focused primarily on sanitation, whereas the United States adopted policies of quarantine. Utilizing the approach of path dependency I argue that this divergence can be partly explained by the timing of disease control formation in each country. As Britain formed its system of disease control earlier, during the 1840s, it was influenced by a miasmatic understanding of disease (the belief that disease is caused by noxious gases that emanate from filthy environments), while as the United States formed its disease control system later, around the end of the 1870s, it was more influenced by new ideas about contagion and the rise of germ theory. Once formed, the public health system of each country began to travel down divergent historical paths; Britain came to connect disease control to the social problems of the working classes (e.g. poverty, working conditions, overcrowding) while the United States developed a militaristic approach that, at times, used quite coercive measures to isolate the contagious bodies of the sick. The origins of public health formation in each country helped shape the overall development of disease control in Britain and the United States over the long‐term.     

Gender,Social Bond,and Academic Cheating in Japan*

There is evidence that females are less likely to cheat than males on college campuses. A frequently offered but still untested explanation is that females, with a stronger sense of responsibility for the maintenance of social relationships, tend to develop a stronger bond to a conventional society—a key explanatory concept in Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory. With academic cheating as the dependent variable, we test the hypotheses that the four elements of social bond are the intervening variables linking gender to such dishonesty among Japanese students who, due to their stronger orientation toward masculinity on Hofstede’s (1980) scale of gender role separation, are subject to more gender distinct socialization, leading to greater gender differences in the strength of social bond than those previously reported in the United States. The analysis provides rather limited support for the theory, most of which is due to the stronger belief in the legitimacy of societal rules among the females.     

Household Structure and Living Conditions in Nigeria

Data on 7,632 households from the 1999 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey are used to examine household structure and living conditions in Nigeria. The study finds significant disadvantage in living conditions of single‐adult, female‐ and single‐adult, male‐headed households relative to two‐parent households. Extended households show no significant advantage in living conditions over two‐parent households if headed by women but are consistently advantaged if headed by men. Although extended households do not entirely wipe out the disadvantage of female headship on household living conditions, they show a significant mitigating potential. Efforts to understand and alleviate poverty in Nigeria may need to address simultaneously gender imbalances in access to livelihood opportunities and factors that foster nucleation of family structure into single‐adult households.