实现“两个转变”的内涵和标准

实现计划生育工作思路和方法的“两个转变” ,对于践履党的宗旨 ,加强民主法制建设 ,巩固低生育水平具有重要意义。因此 ,应进一步提高认识 ,明确具体标准 ,并采取切实有效措施 ,保证“两个转变”的真正实现。一、实现“两个转变”的内涵实现计划生育“两个转变”是一项关于计划生育工作改革和发展方向的战略决策 ,其内涵十分丰富 ,为每个致力于探索计划生育工作新路子的人提供了广阔的发挥空间和新的思维理念。正因为这样 ,在推进“两个转变”的过程中 ,必须首先理解和把握“两个转变”的精神要旨。“在工作思路上 ,由孤立地就计划生育抓计…     

内蒙古扎兰屯市 采取“五项措施”提高报表质量

为深化“求实年”活动,提高半年报表质量,内蒙古扎兰屯市人口计生局采取了“五项措施”： 一是在全市范围内开展深化“求实年”活动及“避孕节育措施专项整治活动”。 二是印发文件,就流动人口的服务管理,特别是对基层出生及节育措施的统计工作提出明确具体要求。     

加强横向联系搞好计划生育工作

广州军区要求各级计划生育部门,注重“外联”的作用,加强与地方计生委和人口教学、科研、学术等部门的横向联系,不断开拓工作的新局面。 最近,广州军区根据部队精简整编后计划生育管理人员减少,任务明显增多的新情况,要求各级除充分发掘部队内在的潜力外,还应特别注重“外联”的作用,其具体要求和措施:一是各     

构建多层次的老年人口医疗保障体系

本文从一般的理论层面和深化医疗保险制度改革、完善养老保险制度的角度,对构建多层次老年人口医疗保障体系的必要性的现实意义进行了论证, 并在此基础上提出了建立多层次老年人口医疗保障体系的设想。文章认为应采取一系列的措施,建立包括基本医疗保险、退休职工大病医疗保险、老年人口社会医疗救助、医疗互助基金、老人医疗专项基金在内的“五位一体”的老年人口医疗保障体系, 以解决城镇老年人口“病有所医”的问题。     

论技术创新中的人力资本定价策略

技术创新人力资本定价有“向前看”的策略 ,如以技术创新人员素质确定人力资本定价 ,以技术创新人员对企业的贡献确定人力资本定价 ;还有“向后看”的策略 ,如以成本作为基础来计量人力资源价值。本文提出技术创新人员的人力资本定价既应“向前看” ,又应“向后看” ,提出了技术创新人力资本市场定价的策略     

开展“知情选择”综合服务

要提高避孕节育措施“知情选择”水平，就要围绕“知情选择”开展综合服务。1．在开展“八个一”生殖保健系列化服务上下功夫。要以“八个一”生殖保健系列化服务为依托，广泛宣传避孕节育知识，为育龄群众开展生殖健康检查和妇科病查治，并建立生殖健康档案，掌握育龄妇女的生殖健康状况、家庭经济状况和婚姻生育状况以及避孕节育措施的落实情况和效果，为指导和协调“知情选择”对象科学地选择避孕节育措施提供可靠的依据。2．在为“知情选择”对象排忧解难上下功夫。对落实避孕节育措施的“知情选择”对象，安排计生协会员为她们解决落实…     

广东省各地加强计划生育工作的决定选登

1988年9月6日,中共广州市委、市人民政府作出了《关于进一步加强计划生育工作的决定》。《决定》首先指出全市多年来没有完成人口控制计划,这与广州所处的地位和要求极不相称。要求各级领导应引起足够重视,要下最大决心,认真贯彻党中央关于“统一思想、稳定政策、抓紧工作刀的指示,采取有力措施,扭转被动局面,确保完成“七五”期间后三     

既要“扬汤止沸”更要“釜底抽薪”——中国农村人口控制的哲学思考

<正> “扬汤止沸”与“釜底抽薪”,说的是解决问题要抓主要矛盾,或要抓住矛盾的主要方面。人们常用这两句话来比喻办事和解决问题过程中“治标”与“治本”的关系。本文想借用这两句老话来说明我们农村计划生育工作中的“治标”与“治本”的关系问题。这就是实现人口控制的行政措施、法律措施和经济措施的关系问题。70年代以来,我国计划生育取得了举世瞩目的成就。人口自然增长率从1969年的34.25‰下降到了1992年的14‰,妇女总和生育率从1969年的5.72下降到了1992年     

关于农村剩余劳动力解决途径的探索

根据中国农村的现状 ,结合农村剩余劳动力转移的几种主要方式 ,作者基于农村和小城镇的特点提出解决农村剩余劳动力问题的“小城镇城市化 ,城市化农村”的发展模式及其实现的三个阶段 ;阐述了在中国发展该模式的必要性 ,并叙述了要实现该模式应采取的措施 ,对解决中国农村剩余劳动力问题具有一定的指导意义     

预防艾滋病的知识、态度、行为状况的探讨

根据 2 0 0 0年末国家计生委关于预防艾滋病宣传教育的调查资料 ,文章从社会、文化、经济的视角 ,分析人们在预防艾滋病知识、态度方面的差别 ,从而提高我国预防艾滋病宣传教育计划的科学性 ,并促进未来对预防艾滋病资金的投入发挥更大效益。本文还指出习惯于计划生育采取长效措施的我国广大农村 ,应通过科技创新 ,解决“防艾”问题     

Der Schichtgradient von Morbidität und Mortalität

As in many other European countries a contradictory development can be observed in Austria, too: On the one hand, life expectancy increases continuously while incidence and prevalence rates of many groups of diagnoses decrease. On the other hand, differences in morbidity and mortality between the social classes are widening at the same time. This article’s aim is to develop a comprehensive theoretical model of explanation of this social class gradient including the current state of discussion on “health inequalities”. Aspects of material inequality as well as the socially unequal distribution of working and living conditions will be taken into account. In addition, the importance of cultural capital and class-specific lifestyles will be described in detail. Last but not least psychosocial and biological preconditions and potential selection processes will also be taken into consideration.     

The quality of life in the Caribbean: A political interpretation

A study of 23 Caribbean polities attempted to relate two types of measures of economic and political development to measures of the quality of life. On the one hand are two closely related concepts, the level of economic development and the political status of the polity (colony, internal self-government, or autonomy). On the other hand are two measures of the type of government and economic structure: plantation agriculture and repressive government. Measures of the quality of life included per capita income, health measures, educational measures, communication and transportation per capita. Plantation structure and political repression were found to be related to most of the measures of the quality of life, but measures of economic development and political status to practically none.     

The Economic Pressure of Population Ageing in China and Its Regulation

By adopting the AECI Index Method proposed by the author and using method of population simulation,this paper analyzes quantitatively the trend,intensity and regulation of the economic pressure of population ageing in China,and compares China with other countries.It draws the following conclusions:(1) China will face great economic pressure due to population ageing in the first half of this century.According to the medium projection,the pressure will increase most rapidly during the period from the middle of 2020s to the end of 2030s,and reach its peak around 2040 when the intensity of the pressure may quadruple that in 2010.(2) The great economic pressure of population ageing may remarkably reduce China’s development momentum.(3) To ease the pressure,we should rely mainly on economic measures,supplemented by population control measures.(4) To gradually liberalize the prevailing birth control policy on the premise of sticking to the state policy of family planning is a rational approach to regulate the economic pressure of population ageing in China.On the one hand,this can ease the possible economic pressure of ageing in the future,and on the other hand,it can control the pressure of population size within an endurable limit.     

从上海看中国老年人口贫困与保障

文章在上海实地调研的基础上 ,从理论和实际两个方面探讨了老年人口贫困和保障问题。认为老年贫困人口问题将是我国社会主义初级阶段长期面临的严峻挑战。因此 ,我们一定要密切关注人口老龄化的发展趋势 ,结合中国的实际情况 ,因地因时地采取应对措施 ,积极预防和治理老年人口贫困问题     

Measuring Institutions: Indicators of Political and Property Rights in Malawi

This paper constructs a new set of institutional indicators for Malawi. We develop indicators of political rights, of freehold, traditional (communitarian) and intellectual property rights, based on the Malawian legislative framework. In exploring the association between our rights measures and a range of indicators of socio-economic development, we obtain limited support for a modernization process for Malawi. On the one hand, the association between the rights variables can be interpreted as a modernization nexus, with a trade-off between legally anchored private property freehold rights and political rights on the one hand, and traditional forms of communal property rights on the other. By contrast, the association between rights and a range of socioeconomic development indicators gives a more nuanced picture. For social development measures property rights measures exercise a positive impact, regardless of whether they take the form of freehold or communitarian property rights. Economic development measures respond positively only to the freehold measure, and negatively to communitarian property rights. The socioeconomic development measures are negatively associated with political rights in Malawi over the last 40 years of the twentieth century.     

刘易斯拐点时代下我国农村劳动力的供给研究

在城乡二元结构和农民工市民化遏阻的制度壁垒下,我国正在步入刘易斯拐点阶段。一方面,廉价劳动力的获取越来越难,人工成本持续攀升,对经济发展速度产生负面影响：另一方面,人口红利渐失加快推动产业转型升级,对经济结构调整产生倒逼效应。劳动力供给特别是农村劳动力供给出现短缺是刘易斯拐点到来的重要标志之一。同时,新生代农村劳动力缺乏从事农业生产活动的技能和意愿,离农、去农现象严重。因此,尽快培育新型职业农民,对现代农业发展和新农村建设全局有着重大意义。     

计划生育工作"三结合"与农村家庭"三生"效益研究

计生工作"三结合"不仅仅是计生工作思路和方法的改革,也是促使加大投入、产出力度,提高农村家庭生产、生活、生育(简称"三生")效益,实现少生、快富、文明目标,为农村、农业、农民的发展创造条件、提供保证、搞好服务的必经之路和成功之路。计生工作"三结合"的出发点和落脚点,就是为农村、农业、农民更好地向前发展创造良好的环境,主要是为农村家庭搞好"三生"服务,进而实现少生、快富、文明的目标。     

Income inequality and fertility: A comparative view

Summary Most studies pertaining to the relationship between population and economic development suffer from a major flaw. Researchers use aggregate measures like income or energy consumption per head as indicators of economic development. Such aggregate measures fail to take into account the nature of the distribution of income or energy consumption to the population. The present study attempts to demonstrate the importance of incorporating the nature of distribution of resources as an important intervening variable in the study of the overall relationship between population and economic development. A measure of income inequality is developed which represents the difference between rural and urban incomes. This measure is justified in terms of the distinctiveness of urban and rural sectors in the process of development. The data used relate to societal measures of fertility, income, income inequality, etc. Consistently with existing literature, we observe that, generally speaking, economic development does entail a reduction in rural-urban income inequalities. On the other hand, a substantial part of the negative effect of an increase in income per head can be nullified if such an increase were not also accompanied by a reduction in rural-urban income inequality. Also, a substantial part of the negative effect of an increase in income per head and the level of education in reducing the level of infant mortality would be nullified if it did not also result in a reduction of rural-urban income inequality. On the other hand, it is quite possible for the level of education in a society to increase together with an increase in income per head without substantially altering the extent of inequality of income between the rural and the urban population. It is suggested that the positive relationship between rural-urban income inequality and the level of fertility is due to higher rural fertility rates in a high-inequality country. By implication, this would mean that higher standards of living for the rural population compared with its urban counterpart will have a favourable impact in reducing rural fertility.     

Media Capital or Media Deficit?

This paper will focus primarily on how women in leadership roles are represented in the media using a feminist critical discourse approach (FCDA). There is a tendency amongst some feminist media analysts to homogenise all media as sexist, but contradictory tendencies are evident, especially with the rise of new media platforms. On the one hand, the news value of “unexpectedness” affords women in prominent leadership roles relatively high media capital. On the other hand, even ostensibly positive coverage can help to reinforce the limited and limiting perceptions of women that circulate in the mediatised public sphere. For instance, the hybridised gendered interactional and rhetorical styles favoured by many women in public sphere roles have led to them being evaluated as inauthentic by mainstream media institutions. This paper will investigate these contradictory tendencies through a focus on case study evidence of dominant media constructions of British, Irish, and US female political leaders. The paper will conclude by considering briefly the use of Twitter, blogs, and other new media platforms by high profile women in politics in order to bypass the persistent interpretative control exercised by some mainstream media institutions.     

Acquiring a new birth outlook is an important content of school education]

Besides good administration and technical measures, a new birth outlook from the general public is also very important for all work on population control. Through education, the people will learn to transform their traditional birth outlook to a modern one, based upon the interests of the nation. All schools have the important mission of establishing a new birth outlook through the political, legal, moral, and scientific education of the next generation. Educational methods should be variable and active, step by step through all school levels. Different contents and measures should be taken to educate the elementary school students in order that they may understand national policy, the equality between male and female, and the need to obey laws and regulations. In secondary education, emphasis should be given to the knowledge of population science, general health hygiene, human sexuality, common sense in health care for young people, and the relationship between human lives and the natural environment. For college students, because they are close to marrying age, special attention should be given to the practice of late marriage, late child-bearing, birth control, population policy, and studies of population science. Scientists and educators should cooperate to develop a complete system of educational materials to be used at various educational levels. A new birth outlook among the young generation will be created as a result of school education.