项目制与政府间权责关系演变：机制及其影响

项目化运作是近年来国家治理的重要模式。既有研究已揭示：在项目制下,上级政府控制权增加,而下级政府的统筹治理能力被压缩。本文通过考察国家妇女小额贷款项目的演变过程发现,在项目制下,政府间权责关系的明晰化使下级政府可以通过倒逼机制影响上级部门的行为,维护地方政府利益。这实际上反映出,项目化运作不仅提供了从上至下的控制渠道,也同时增生了由下至上的反控手段。在这种演变中,上下级政府间关系出现了新的变化,双方围绕权责关系展开互动博弈,进而影响国家与社会关系,出现基层治理的“脱嵌”现象。     

项目制扶贫的运作逻辑与地方性实践--以精准扶贫视角看A县竞争性扶贫项目

通过对国家级贫困县A县竞争性扶贫项目运作逻辑的探析发现,依附于科层制之下的扶贫项目在实施前的选择性平衡、实施中的反科层制逻辑以及落地后的短期效应,共同造成项目制在扶贫开发中功能的式微。扶贫项目在地方实践中的非均衡分配规制了贫困地区脱贫的步伐,项目进村时呈现出的“委托—代理”关系使地方在扶贫项目打包中以“反控制”的策略从中谋利,项目制“短、平、快”的目标导向弱化了扶贫开发的可持续性。面对扶贫项目存在的一系列问题,需要进一步加强项目执行的监管力度,提高基层政府的精准扶贫治理能力,制定扶贫开发的后续扶持政策。     

Bottom Up and Top Down? Community Development in Post‐Soviet Armenia: The Social Fund Model

The main objective of this article is to discuss the effectiveness of bottom‐up, community‐driven approaches in promoting community participation and building local capacity within the post‐Soviet social, institutional and political context of Armenia. In exploring this issue, the article examines the nature of local participation and social relations in rural communities in Armenia and the impact of the World Bank‐supported Armenia Social Investment Fund (ASIF) project on the existing forms of local social organization. One of the objectives of the ASIF project was to promote the participation of local communities in their own economic and social development. The research finds that the project did not change the existing patterns of local social organization and had no significant impact on the nature of participation in the beneficiary communities. Bottom‐up, capacity‐building interventions that mainly focus on changing patterns of interpersonal social relations may not be effective in fostering sustainable civic institutions without changes in the nature of a country's governance.     

Local economy growing at a steady pace: the case of the peasant farming project by the Taiwan rural front

Beginning in October 2009, supported by a non-government foundation, the Taiwan Rural Front launched the project, ‘Peasant Farming and Green Consumption,’ in two remote mountainous villages in Southern Taiwan. The project aims to promote land-friendly farming, assist villagers in establishing a simple agricultural process system, create a self-owned brand for their agricultural products, and connect outer consumers with the local economy. This article will describe the implementation and impact of the ‘Peasant Farming and Green Consumption’ project.     

Quality of Life Enhancement Research Program: Lessons Learned

The attempted Quality of Life Enhancement program appeared to be a novel method for creating a symbiotic and sustainable relationship between a large Southeastern university and local nursing home and assisted living facilities (ALF), through which ALF residents would attend university arts and sporting events. During implementation, it was discovered that this project was unsustainable, undesired, unneeded by many care centers, difficult to implement, and required a dedicated and specialized staff. After attempting to enroll 14 local care facilities, only 2 were interested in becoming involved and produced 5 eligible participants. During the program itself, coordination with facilities and residents was difficult to maintain and unique transportation and accommodation needs were challenging to overcome. Finally, data collection was time consuming and generally unfruitful. Ultimately the project was discontinued after a year of attempted recruitment and implementation of inclusive changes to protocol. While creating an ongoing relationship with local care facilities and local universities may enhance opportunities for residents and research into important areas, such relationships take time, effort, and specialized staff to maintain.     

The structure of random utility models

I am grateful to Joseph B. Kadane for numerous constructive suggestions offered during discussions of this research. The financial sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation through grant DOT-OS-4006 is also acknowledged. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are solely those of the author.Assistant Professor of Economics, School of Urban and Public Affairs, Carnegie-Mellon University.     

The Development of a “Neighborhood in Solidarity” in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

This article presents a case study based on the “Neighborhood in Solidarity” (NS) methodology to illustrate its application in a locality of 8,000 inhabitants in Switzerland. This specific project is proposed to exemplify the global aim of the NS methodology. That aim is to increase the integration of elderly persons in societies in order to improve their quality of life. The case study demonstrates the enhancement of the capacity of the older people to remain actively engaged in their neighborhood. The article focuses on the creation of an autonomous community of empowered older people who can resolve their own problems after a 5-year project. The construction of the local community is presented throughout the six steps of the methodology: (1) preliminary analysis, (2) diagnostic, (3) construction, (4) project design, (5) project implementation, and (6) empowerment and with three degrees of involvement (community, participative, and integrative involvement). Performance and output indicators, quality indicators, and social determinants of health assess the development of the local project. The impacts of the projects which are illustrated in this specific example motivated this publication to inspire practitioners from other countries.     

校会合作:推进本土非公募基金会项目管理和人才培养的专业化

随着后条例时代的来临,我国非公募基金会的数量逐年增多,但大多数非公募基金会在项目管理的专业化方面,尚存在严重的滞后现象。非公募基金会应正视目前所处的困境,并积极寻求突破,可尝试从校会合作的角度,通过积极推进与科研院校、科研机构的交流合作,探索一条优化项目管理、培养专业人才的路径,以推进本土非公募基金会项目管理的专业化。     

Collaboration on Disaster Prevention Education Curriculum Development project and its implications for social work

Collaboration has often been regarded as an effective way to meet people's need in social work and other fields. This article reports on a Disaster Prevention Education Curriculum Development project launched and headed by the Aide et Action China Office in Sichuan, China. Emphasis is on the collaborations between Aide et Action and other non-governmental organizations, governmental agencies, schools, local communities and volunteers. It is suggested that collaboration is critical to the successful operation of the project. The factors that contribute to the effective and efficient collaboration in the project are proposed and addressed. The implications for social work practice are also discussed.     

The Project System and the Mobilization of Basic Level Governments： A Sociological Study of the Project-oriented Operation of Social Management

在基层行政资源紧张条件下,上级部门为达成工作目标,越来越多地通过项目制来调动基层政府。相比于传统的科层体制,项目制使得上级部门拥有集中的资金管理权、特殊的人事安排权以及高效的动员程序,从而能更快地见到成效。项目制在基层政府的推行使得科层体系发生重构,政府内部动员由“层级动员”转向“多线动员”,行政资源的分配也演变为项目中心模式;同时,项目制的“自我扩张”效应使得项目制越来越深入到政府体系中,具有持续性及不断增长的影响力。     

Working Toward a Just,Equitable, and Local Food System: The Social Impact of Community‐Based Agriculture*

Objective. This article serves as a pilot study of three central aspects of sociological research concerning the impact of local agriculture on local communities: food equity, social integration, and natural human capital. Methods. Four CSA farmers, four partners in a direct‐market organic farm, and four community garden site coordinators working in the Intervale, a local agriculture project in Burlington, Vermont, were interviewed in person for this research. Additionally, the author collected observational data in the Intervale, at two local farmers' markets, and as a member of a local community garden. Result. Different modes of local agricultural production have distinctive effects on the local population with regard to equitable access to healthy food, social inclusion, and experiential knowledge of the natural world. Conclusions. Given class‐based disparities in local agricultural participation, local food projects should consider promoting programs designed for broader social inclusion, including subsidized farmer‐to‐family coupons.     

校会合作:推进本土非公募基金会项目管理和人才培养的专业化

随着后"条例"时代的来临,我国非公募基金会的数量逐年增多,但大多数非公募基金会在项目管理的专业化方面,尚存在严重的滞后现象。非公募基金会应正视目前所处的困境,并积极寻求突破,可尝试从校会合作的角度,通过积极推进与科研院校、科研机构的交流合作,探索一条优化项目管理、培养专业人才的路径,以推进本土非公募基金会项目管理的专业化。     

Empowerment and globalisation in a Nordic social work education context

The Nordic countries have been experiencing paradigm shifts from a focus on problems, pathology and deficits to more strengths-based, capacity-building and inclusive approaches, especially in the field of child welfare. This article describes joint Nordic (Nordplus) Master level courses that have been introduced to promote a more inclusive and empowering way of working with children and families. The overall theme of the Nordplus project is democratisation of child welfare work. The project includes three separate courses: (i) Empowerment and family decision making in child welfare; (ii) Strengths and solution oriented child welfare work; (iii) Children, youth and participation. The project brought together masters students from the Nordic countries and professional academics from the Nordic countries, South Africa and Australia. This article describes and problematises the learning process and the outcomes of the project. An important aim of the project was to interrogate the relationship between the global and the local.     

GROUP WORK IN GENERAL HOSPITALS

This paper identifies issues which influence the interdisciplinary development and maintenance of situation/transition groups as patient care programs in the general hospital. This type or group is defined and described. Issues discussed include needs assessment, sponsorship, and interdisciplinary sharing of power, authority, and control, and program evaluation. The authors illustrate strategies for program development with examples from their own practice.     

Developing Models for Day Services

This paper reports an evaluation of a rural activity project for people with learning difficulties. The project is situated in (but not a regular part of) an agriculture college. Both statutory and voluntary interests are represented in the management of the scheme, which is funded by the All Wales Strategy for the Mentally Handicapped through the local authority. Despite the widespread presence of ideas about normalization and carer participation, key stakeholders in the project appeared to draw on various aspects of three different models in describing, assessing and participating in the work of the scheme: a training for work model, a personal and social growth model, and an education for life model. We explore the question of whether such contrasting views can be tolerated in a single project, and their implications for policy and practice decisions. Each model has its distinctive consequences for project aims, selection, programme planning, staffing requirements, future development objectives and desirable project outcomes. The debate has implications for the way in which policies of normalization are operationalized in and beyond the field of learning difficulties.     

A Support Group for Families of Armed Services Personnel in the Persian Gulf War

During the Persian Gulf War, the Red Cross and a family service agency in Greensboro, North Carolina, began a multigenerational support group designed to serve military families. The major features of this innovative group approach are described in relation to the major dimensions of Schopler and Galinsky's (1993) model of support groups. From this group experience, the leaders learned the significance of appropriate sponsorship in providing an appealing environment, the importance of inclusiveness, a greater understanding of the enrichment that diversity brings, and the significance of the role that mentor families can play in a support group.     

‘Yes,we can; but together’: social capital and refugee resettlement

Resettled refugees need a network of relationships to ensure they can live meaningful lives in New Zealand. These relationships are complex and exist between individuals and communities at local and national levels. Conceptualised as social capital, these relationships provide the invisible glue holding society together. Drawing on data from a research project on the Somali community in Auckland, this paper reflects on contemporary developments within the refugee sector and highlights the ways in which social capital provides further insight into the experiences of refugee integration at a local level in New Zealand.     

Teaching qualitative research to BSW students through exposure to aging

This article describes one rural program's efforts to expose students to gerontology through teaching qualitative research methodology. A collaborative research pilot project was developed with a local nursing home. BSW students worked in two groups to conduct and present qualitative research projects by the course's completion. This article describes the research project and evaluates the project's success from student and instructor viewpoints. Significant differences were found in self-reported student knowledge of key concepts at the project's completion, compared with pre-test knowledge. Student comments revealed value in this teaching approach. Implications for further engaging students in gerontological research are discussed.