家族企业的对外直接投资与职业化管理

基于制度同构理论,探究家族企业通过对外直接投资嵌入到国内和国外互不兼容、甚至相互冲突的制度逻辑时对其治理结构的影响,提出对外直接投资给家族企业带来制度同构压力,进而影响其职业化管理水平。运用中国沪深上市家族企业2005~2019年的面板数据,研究发现:家族企业对外直接投资的规模和广度越大,高管团队的职业化水平越高;东道国与母国之间的制度距离会增强家族企业对外直接投资对职业化管理的促进作用;企业所在地区的外商投资水平则会削弱家族企业在对外直接投资中提升职业化管理的动力。通过研究组织同时嵌入不同制度逻辑时对治理结构的影响,深化制度同构行为的分析框架,对家族企业的国际化成长和治理转型具有实践意义。     

中国对外投资动因、制度调节与地区差异

通过整合制度观和资源观,将两者放在统一的分析框架中,考察中国企业如何利用母国制度优势克服竞争性资源占有方面的劣势,从而实现国际化战略目标。与传统思路分别分析各种内部资源和企业外部制度因素对于企业国际化的作用不同,运用调节变量的研究方法,分析母国制度因素对于资源与国际化关系的调节作用,利用2003年至2009年中国省级对外投资面板数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,政府资源配置能力对于不同类型的资源与对外投资的关系确实起重要的调节作用,但调节的方向和强度不同,并受地区差异的影响,表明制度因素对对外投资的影响是有条件的。通过发现制度的调节作用,为中国企业为何在缺乏企业特别所有权优势的情况下仍然能够进行对外直接投资提供一个全新角度的解释。     

制度逃离还是创新驱动?——制度约束与民营企业的对外直接投资

近年来,新兴经济体企业越来越多地进入发达经济体进行"逆向"投资,这一现象对主流国际商务理论提出了挑战。本文借助制度逃离理论对这一现象进行分析,探究制度因素对新兴经济体企业对外直接投资(OFDI)的影响。基于当前中国转型时期的制度背景,本文提出,不仅正式制度会影响企业OFDI,关系文化这一非正式制度也是影响企业进行OFDI的重要动因。除了制度方面的动因因素,本文同时将企业创新能力作为OFDI的动力因素纳入模型中。运用中国创业板民营企业2009~2013年的面板数据,本文验证了:(1)同正式制度一样,非正式制度方面的约束也会驱动新兴经济体企业进行OFDI;(2)企业政治关联则削弱了企业在制度约束下进行OFDI的动力;(3)企业创新能力是其在制度约束下成功实现OFDI开发国际创业机会的驱动力。本研究拓展和深化了新兴经济体企业制度逃离理论的分析框架,对民营企业国际化成长战略具有实践意义。     

中国对外直接投资区位和产业选择分析

通过实证分析,可以看出,中国企业对外直接投资的市场规模敏感程度大于成本因素敏感程度,而技术竞争力的薄弱,东道国较高的技术水平对中国对外直接投资具有抑制作用,但双边贸易关系并不影响中国对外直接投资开展,东道国资源禀赋也不是中国对外直接投资的显著影响因素。所以,正确的区位、产业和市场份额选择都是中国企业扩大对外直接投资应考虑的因素。有选择的转移国内产能过剩的边际产业,可以为国内产业结构升级留出资源和推动产业结构升级。     

价值链位置与企业对外直接投资决策——基于中国上市公司数据的实证分析

在全球经济不确定性加深和加快构建“双循环”新格局的背景下，理解价值链位置和企业对外直接投资的关系是非常重要的.为此，本文基于手工匹配的2006年—2015年上市公司对外直接投资数据，从微观层面探讨行业的价值链位置对企业对外直接投资的影响.本文发现，行业价值链位置上升显著提高了企业对外直接投资，这一关系与企业对外直接投资动机、投资类型和企业特征有关，而国内产业投资项目的增加有助于该效应的扩张；进一步分析表明，行业价值链位置与企业对外直接投资存在“U”型关系，尤其是战略资产寻求型OFDI,这可能是由发达国家对中国的“技术封锁”导致；稳健性检验和内生性问题的处理再次验证本文的主要结论.本文的结论能够为政府如何制定符合产业发展阶段的政策，明确产业升级过程中要素需求提供有益借鉴.     

代工企业对外直接投资策略分析

现有主要对外直接投资理论对于没有垄断性优势的新兴工业国家或地区代工企业的对外直接投资缺乏解释力。本文从动态角度分别建立一个代工生产体系内和两个代工生产体系之间的竞争分析模型,在提出和研究代工生产体系下沉没成本的时间相关性和多次性问题的基础上,提出并分析代工企业对外直接投资决策具有随动反应特征。本文的结论拓展了寡占反应理论,从竞争分析角度弥补了现有FDI理论在解释代工企业FDI决策方面的不足。     

对外直接投资对创新绩效的影响——基于动态整合能力的倒U型调节效应

在全球经济一体化和“大众创业、万众创新”的大背景下,我国上市公司的创新意识和创新能力不断增强。而上市公司如何通过对外直接投资影响企业创新绩效具有重要研究价值。基于此,本文通过我国2007-2020年2123家上市公司数据,使用双重差分法实证检验上市公司对外直接投资对创新绩效的影响及动态整合能力的影响机制。研究结果发现：上市公司对外直接投资对企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响,且这种正向作用存在动态性与持续性,并会受到所有制性质、地区、行业的影响。并且,企业动态整合能力在对外直接投资与创新绩效的关系中起到倒U型调节作用,但在动态整合能力强与动态整合能力弱的公司出现影响机制的差异性。据此,分别从政府管理创新成果与公司强化动态整合能力方面提出相关可行建议。     

我国企业对外直接投资浅析

对外直接投资是企业深层次参与国际竞争的重要途径,也是企业提升国际竞争力的重要手段,更是拉动中国经济快速腾飞的一架有力马车。近年来,我国对外直接投资企业在数量和投资规模上都有所提高。但在金融危机的催化作用下,许多潜在问题日益凸显。本文从企业角度出发,立足我国企业对外直接投资现状,结合其自身特点,提出企业现阶段对外直接投资存在的一系列问题。进一步参考影响对外直接投资水平的主要因素,探讨我国企业在全球金融危机的大环境下开展对外直接投资的对策和建议。从而提升企业的国际竞争力。     

企业能力、竞争强度与对外直接投资动机——基于重庆摩托车企业的多案例研究

本文运用多案例研究方法,选取四家重庆摩托车企业的八次对外直接投资案例,对企业能力、竞争强度如何影响企业对外直接投资动机的形成进行了探讨.研究发现,我国摩托车企业的对外直接投资动机主要表现为寻求海外市场.当企业不具备技术相关能力和市场相关能力的相对优势,面临竞争者增多、价格竞争增强的情况时,企业容易产生防御型市场寻求的对外直接投资动机,并且如果主要竞争者已在目标市场投资,更容易促发企业形成这类动机.当企业具备技术相关能力和市场相关能力的相对优势,同时又面临竞争者增多、价格竞争增强的情况时,企业容易产生进攻型市场寻求的对外直接投资动机,并且如果主要竞争者尚未在目标市场投资,更容易促发企业形成这类动机.     

政策及经济环境对企业投资决策方法选择的影响

本文使用结构方程方法,基于问卷调查结果,对政策和经济环境变化对于企业投资决策方法选择的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,政策环境对企业投资决策方法有影响,在政策因素变化条件下,上市公司回避使用净现值方法;经济环境对于企业投资决策方法影响不大,论文分析结果没有表现出经济因素是否变化对投资决策方法选择有明显影响。     

The Role of the State in Explaining the Internationalization of Emerging Market Enterprises

While the competitive advantages of firms from developed economies are well understood, knowledge of the advantages that enable emerging market enterprises (EMEs) to expand overseas remains limited. Our analysis goes beyond theorizing that focuses on firm resources, enhancing the understanding of how EMEs expand abroad by internalizing home‐country institutional advantages that extend beyond the firm boundaries. More specifically, we examine how the state and institutional idiosyncrasies in the home country help EMEs internationalize. We demonstrate that state ownership has a strong independent effect on the international expansion of EMEs. This effect, however, is contingent upon firms' own resources and other location‐ and industry‐specific forces pertaining to the market orientation of each subnational region and the institutional policies within a given industry.     

Role of overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties and firm activity in the home country in the internationalization of returnee entrepreneurial firms

Using a sample of 210 Chinese returnees' entrepreneurial firms, we examined how the overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties of the returnee entrepreneurs affected their firms' internationalization in the returnees' former host countries. We found that both types of overseas ties were correlated with increased levels of internationalization and they interact positively. We then investigated whether the impacts of overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties on firm internationalization were moderated by the length of the firms' domestic operations. We found that longer domestic operations were correlated with increased positive impacts of overseas ethnic ties, but decreased positive impacts of overseas non-ethnic ties on firm internationalization. These findings indicate that the returnees' host country ties and firm activity in home country had joint effects on returnee entrepreneurial firms seeking to internationalize their businesses.     

Greenfield or M&A? An institutional and learning perspective on the establishment mode choice of Chinese outward investments

We develop and test a model of Chinese greenfield investments using institutional and learning theories. Both the host country institutional context and the firm's international characteristics affect the establishment mode. Using 152 Chinese emerging market multinationals (EMNEs) with 401 subsidiaries distributed in 26 countries from 2003 to 2013, we build a database of 284 pairs of host country/Chinese firms to test two hypotheses. We find that, first, governance environment affects the establishment mode: greenfield investments are preferred over acquisitions in relation-based host markets, and M&As are preferred in rule-based countries. Second, the depth of Chinese EMNEs' international experience (i.e. the amount of previous investments in the same host market) moderates the effect of the governance environment on the establishment mode. Firms with greater international depth use more M&As in relation-based markets and more greenfield investments in rule-based markets, suggesting that previous investments in the same host country provide a type of learning that reduces acquisition uncertainty in the former case and increases the self-confidence of Chinese EMNEs in the latter.     

机构投资者持股与上市公司违规行为的实证研究

本文采用部分可观测的Bivariate Probit估计方法,对2001年至2009年中国1729家上市公司进行回归检验,发现机构投资者持股比例降低了公司违规行为倾向,同时增加了公司违规行为被稽查的可能性。该结论在控制了机构投资者变量内生性的因素后仍旧稳健。进一步研究表明,相比公司经营违规,机构投资者对信息披露违规倾向的影响更强。另外,相比证券机构投资者,养老保险基金、社保基金、企业年金持股的公司中违规公司比例更低。除此以外,机构投资者对公司违规的抑制与检举作用并不受其它公司治理变量的影响。本文的研究表明中国机构投资者在预防与打击上市公司违规行为方面发挥了重要的作用,并且也为上市公司与监管部门提供了治理和防范企业违规的线索。     

Institutional support and firms’ entrepreneurial orientation in emerging economies

In recent years, many governments in emerging economies have used macro-level institutional support to boost entrepreneurship, but the actual impact of institutional support on firms’ entrepreneurial orientation (EO) remains unclear. To provide a holistic understanding of this impact, we examine the relationship between institutional support and three specific dimensions of EO—proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk-taking—and we explore how these relationships are contingent on firm ownership and the industry life cycle. A two-study, mixed-methods empirical design confirms our hypotheses. Specifically, Study 1 surveys 303 Chinese firms and finds that institutional support has a decreasingly positive relationship with proactiveness, an increasingly positive relationship with innovativeness, and a positive linear relationship with risk-taking; each of these three relationships is weaker for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than for non-SOEs and for firms in fast-growing industries than for firms in slow-growing industries. Study 2 conducts a scenario-based experiment using6 133 MBA students, and its results again support the main effects hypotheses.     

Untangling the commonalities and differences between domestic cross-regional experience and international experience in shaping speed of internationalization

Prior studies have paid attention to the influence of domestic experience on internationalization, for which domestic experience primarily refers to the accumulation of internationalization knowledge from industrial peers or partners at home. We argue that the commonalities and differences between international experience and domestic cross-regional experience have not been fully incorporated in previous frameworks in the literature. Thus, in untangling the commonalities, we purposively differentiate domestic experience into two dimensions, i.e., repetition-based experience and diversity-based experience, to investigate the contingent role of making domestic cross-regional investments in shaping the relationship between international experience and the speed of internationalization. We expect that these two dimensions of domestic experience will moderate the relationship between international experience and the speed of internationalization in a different way. More specifically, repetition-based experience has a negative moderating effect while diversity-based experience has a positive moderating effect. Further, considering the differences between international investments and domestic investments, we expect that the joint impacts of international experience and domestic cross-regional experience on internationalization speed are contingent on whether firms have sufficient resources to support multiple learning or whether institutions between the home country and foreign country is similar enough for cross-context application. We expect that financial slack and institutional distance between prior foreign entries' country and the home country play significant three-way moderating roles in setting boundaries for the relationship between domestic experience and international experience. Based on the analysis of 302 Chinese publicly listed firms from 2001 to 2014, the dynamic panel data regression results support our hypotheses. Overall, our simultaneous consideration of commonalities and differences between domestic investments and international investments sheds light on how MNCs learn from both international and domestic investments to speed up their foreign expansions.     

Governance Structure,Innovation and Internationalization: Evidence From India

We examine the impact of firm-level governance structure on the innovation and internationalization strategies of emerging market firms. We propose that in the case of emerging market firms, governance is a response to the prevailing institutional environment and affects the innovation and internationalization strategies of firms. Based on a longitudinal sample of 16,337 firm-year observations of Indian listed firms over a year time period from 2002 to 2009, we find a positive effect of family ownership and group affiliation on R&D intensity and new foreign investments. Institutional ownership also positively affects new foreign investments, but has no effect on R&D intensity. Further, we find that R&D intensity interacts with family ownership, institutional ownership and group affiliation in affecting new foreign investments.     

Subnational Institutions and Location Choice of Emerging Market Firms

I examine how subnational institutions of emerging markets affect the location choice of emerging market firms. I argue that the weak institutions in emerging markets push firms to acquire the skills needed for survival in unfavorable institutional environments. When they start their international venturing, such knowledge, skills, and capabilities will become their unique advantage, which makes them more resilient to red tape, nepotism, and corruption in the host countries. Using a sample of 143 outward FDI events of Chinese multinationals, I test the relationship between subnational institutions at home and firm propensity to enter a target market with weak institutional systems and found robust empirical support for the use of different estimation strategies. Further, my results demonstrate that the effect of subnational institutions at home on location choice is more pronounced in private enterprises compared to state-owned enterprises. This study reveals the importance of home country effects in location choice research and tests empirically the existence of institutional advantage.     

Impacts of institutional pressures and the strength of market supporting institutions in the host country on the ownership strategy of multinational enterprises: theoretical discussion and propositions

The ownership strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs) i.e. the choice between wholly owned subsidiary (WOS) or international joint venture (IJV) is an extensively studied topic in international business studies. Many past studies concentrated on transactional, economic, location attraction, resource seeking and learning rationales for the ownership strategy of MNEs. However, it is important to note that MNEs enter a new institutional environment also when they enter new international markets. Therefore, the ownership strategy of MNEs is also influenced by the external as well as internal institutions. This paper attempts to address the impacts of different institutional pressures on ownership strategy of MNEs using the arguments from institutional theory. The paper also includes discussion about the strength of market supporting institutions in the host country and its impacts on the ownership strategy of MNEs. On the basis of the theoretical discussion, several propositions are developed in this paper. These propositions relate the ownership strategy of MNEs with the impacts of internal and external institutional pressures on it. It is also proposed to consider the impact of strength of market supporting institutions in the host country on the ownership strategy specifically. When the host country has well developed institutions supporting market conforming values, they can moderate the impacts of coercive and normative pressures from external institutions on the MNEs.     

企业集团成长模式与上市国有企业多元化行为研究

鉴于我国企业集团历史背景的特殊性,主要以企业资源依存理论为基础,以集团公司为研究核心,选取2007～2009年在沪、深上市的国有企业以及国有企业集团作为研究样本,运用二项回归与多元回归分析等多种方法,对我国企业集团的集团公司成长模式与上市国有企业的多元化行为进行了理论与实证分析。研究结果表明,企业集团是我国国有企业的一种快速成长模式,其成长与企业多元化行为高度正相关;国家资源调配的政策导向对国有企业集团的战略导向和组织结构设计有重要影响,但企业集团的产品多元化程度与企业绩效不相关。