改革开放以来中国对外劳务输出发展综述

改革开放以来,中国积极引进外国资本、技术、高级人力资源,同时积极主动地走向世界,对外劳务输出实现了持续的发展。改革开放20多年来,随着对外经济合作事业的不断发展,对外劳务输出数量有了显著增长。截止到2001年9月,中国累计外派劳务人数超过240万人次,劳务合作业务遍及全球180多个国家和地区,以对外承包工程和劳务合作为主要内容的对外经济合作取得了良好的经济和社会效益。     

改革开放以来我国对外劳务输出发展研究

中国正在努力完成从人口大国到人力资源大国的转变,并实施"走出去"战略。在这一背景之下,积极参与国际劳务市场,促进我国的人力资源开发,将具有重要的现实意义。积极开展对外劳务合作,将会促使我国劳动力资源更加有效地参与国际劳务市场。为了更好地开展对外劳务输出,需要认真研究相关各国劳动力资源的未来变化趋势,及时掌握各国劳动力市场供需情况、有关劳务政策新动向以及市场变化情况等。这样才能更好地制定劳务输出计划,扩大劳务输出规模。在增加劳务输出数量的同时,还需要不断提高劳务人员的综合素质。     

中国人口总体状况分析

人口众多是中国的特色,是在世界大国行列中辨认中国身影的明显标记;人口众多也是中国的软肋,是将所有发展指标人均之后的一声叹息。在经过30多年坚持不懈的人口控制政策之后,中国人口迅速增长的局面有所缓解,但新的人口问题在不断涌现。人口要素是影响社会与经济发展的重要因素,适度的人口规模、合理的人口结构与分布对于建设一个和谐社会起着举足轻重的作用。本文概要介绍中国人口总体状况,主要着眼于人口规模、人口增长和人口分布。1人口规模:位居世界第一;人口增长:惯性增长带来高增长量2005年1月6日,中国内地(不包括香港、澳门特别行政…     

中国人口与可持续发展

中国人口与可持续发展王俊祥在实现可持续发展中，中国人口问题始终是一个重要问题。中国是一个人口众多的发展中国家，实施可持续发展战略对于保持世代生存的生态环境，合理开发利用资源，实现人口、经济、社会、资源和环境之间的平衡、协调、持续发展，具有十分重要的意...     

农村劳动力跨境就业的影响因素分析——基于河南省濮阳市T村个案研究

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,农村劳动力向非农产业转移成为必然趋势,在工业化和城市化初期,就地转移和向城市转移是主要转移方式。但是,随着全球化的发展和城市吸纳就业能力的下降,对外劳务输出逐渐成为我国农村劳动力向外转移的＂第三条道路＂。本文以河南省濮阳市的T村为个案,利用劳动力迁移理论,探讨了农业大省农村劳动力跨境就业的影响因素,并以此为基础提出了相关政策建议。     

选择“丁克”家庭的多学科透视

“丁克”家庭这种现象在中国的大都市已经相当普遍。本文尝试从经济学、社会学、医学等角度探讨了这种现象产生的社会根源。本文认为这一现象在中国产生有其“历史必然性”。从我国人口众多这一国情出发,从宏观上说这种现象暂时还不会产生多大的社会问题,但是有可能出现“人口逆淘汰”现象,这一点不得不引起我们警视。     

中国儿童死亡率差异分析

中国人口的死亡率经过几十年的持续下降,就目前的社会经济发展水平而言,已经达到了相当低的水平。但中国是一个人口众多、地域辽阔的多民族国家,不同地区、不同社会经济群体及民族之间在死亡率方面仍存在较明显的差异。对中国人口死亡率的地区差异分析表明,影响地区之间预期寿命水平差异最大的是儿童,特别是婴幼儿死亡率。因此降低儿童死亡率是进一步降低我国人口总死亡率的潜力所在。与其他年龄人     

论人口需求类型与数量增长控制

论人口需求类型与数量增长控制刘宇（四川省社会科学院６１００７２）中国是世界上人口最密集的区域之一，曾使无数国人引为自豪的“地大物博”在“人口众多”面前早已显得苍白无力，用“地大物博”除以“人口众多”得出的平均数反映出来的中国真正而严峻的基本国情，决定...     

论城市化进程中的人口现代化

中国是一个人口众多尤其是农村人口占多数的国家。在我国把城市化作为社会经济新一轮发展的重要载体，走大中小城市协调发展的人口城市化道路，探索实现现代化的途径，具有十分重要的意义。本文就如何加快城市化发展步伐与如何科学地选择人口城市化战略、城市化与人口现代化问题、当前在城市化发展中人口现代化的现状问题，     

浅谈我国社区养老的可行性

一、社区养老的必要性20世纪末我国跨进了老龄型人口国家的行列。老龄型人口的到来恰逢我国处在社会主义市场经济和现代化的转变时期,社会和家庭的变迁对老年人群体的影响比以往任何时期都大。因此,能否使老年群体的晚年生活得到保障,使之公平地享受社会发展的成果,平等地参与社会发展。这一问题将是关系到社会的稳定、发展与进步的大问题,也是社会精神文明建设的重要内容。作为发展中国家,中国又是一个很特殊的国家,人口众多,老年人口也多,经济很不发达。由于我国人口老龄化程度与经济发展的时间差,有限的资金不可能在短期内大量投入到老年…     

中部地区人口对生态环境的影响分析

中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南六省,地处我国内陆腹地,具有承东启西、连接南北的区位优势,在我国经济社会发展格局中占有重要地位。当前中部地区面临着诸多制约其长远发展的矛盾和问题,其中人口与生态环境和谐发展是中部地区面临的一个重要挑战。因此,统筹解决区域人口问题,将人口压力转变为人力资源优势,为区域经济发展提供良好的人口环境和生态环境,对促进中部地区崛起,推动我国区域协调发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Agricultural backwardness being the fundamental cause of rapid population growth]

We have been an agricultural country for more than 2000 years. The low level of mechanization and dependence of manpower in our agriculture required a large quantity of labor. Therefore, development of Chinese feudal society was closely related to the population growth. After the establishment of a new socialistic China, the rapid development of agricultural production resulted in our 1st population boom (1952 to 1957). Later the rapid development of heavy industry demanded the transfer of a large amount of labor from agriculture. The shortage of labor in China caused reductions in agriculture and a 2nd population boom. The backward nature of China's agriculture requires increased labor input to increase production. On the other hand, the increased productivity does not match the demands of the increased population. Consequently, living standards in the society decrease and the population growth slows. The emphasis on population control and family planning is indeed beneficial to China's economy. The fundamental solution of China's population problem must rely on a technical revolution in agriculture and increased agricultural productivity.     

Change of population policy and the population situation in China]

A correct population policy is very crucial to the solution of the population problem, economic development, and social progress. The real situation in China now is a large population, a high rate of population growth, and low level of productivity. Facing this situation, China's population policy should include control of population growth in quantity, a promotion of population quality, and a match between population growth and social and economic development for the final realization of the Four Modernizations. In recent years, under the leadership of the National Committee on Family Planning, together with cooperation from various offices at the local level, a great change has taken place in China's population situation. The fertility rate has declined gradually, and late marriage, delayed births, and a reduced number of births have also become popular. A change in the age structure of the population has also slowed the pace of population growth. A reduction in the ratio of women of childbearing age is also helpful in the control of population growth, and the natural growth rate for the population has declined. This change shows that family planning is working in China and great results have been achieved. To come closer to the national goal of population control, practical work should be focused on rural areas. The rural population constitutes about 80% of total population and the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher than that of the cities. If population control can be achieved in the rural areas, the overall goal of population control for the country can then be achieved more easily.     

The population problems in the countryside of China from the viewpoint of ecological economy]

There is a very close relationship between the population and the economy. The economy is the foundation for the existence and development of the population. Different socioeconomic patterns will determine population rules and population development, they have a strong influence on the social economy and the development of the entire society, and they may control the pace of social and economic development. In the last 30 years, excessive population growth has caused a great many difficulties for Socialist construction, overburdened agriculture, and created an imbalance in agricultural ecology. In order to understand the relationship between the development of the agricultural population and agricultural production, we have to understand to dominant position held by people in an agricultural ecology system. People have to control their own reproduction and match it with the productivity of the agricultural ecology system. Unrestrained population growth in the countryside is the main reason for an imbalance in China's agricultural ecology. Urgent action is needed to control the population growth in the rural areas, to fully utilized the available labor force, to promote the level of agricultural productivity, and to provide more employment opportunities. The final goal is to match China's huge agricultural human resources with its rich resources. investment should be encouraged to increase the wisdom and quality of the agricultural population. Both the quality and quantity of the agricultural labor force should also match development of agricultural productivity. In this way, a normal condition of agricultural ecology may be maintained.     

Population and employment in China]

The unequal distribution of farmlands in rural areas and the extremely low productivity in the cities were the fundamental causes of unemployment and population problems in old China. Tremendous progress was made after 1949. The serious economic disturbances caused by Lin-piao and the "Gang of Four" caused great unemployment again. The slow development of China's productivity, poor business management, the involvement of women in social activities, the morality rate decrease, and the population growth rate increase are the main reasons for China's unemployment problem. The fundamental solution is to respect the objective laws of nature and economics and to develop social productivity. In the country we should implement the total development of agricultue, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery. In towns and cities service occupations and handicraft industries should be developed, education and humanities need to be improved, and transportation, communications, and many other industries are still backward. There is high potential for development and vast opportunities for additional labor. We should constantly cultivate our high quality workforce to meet the demand of modernization. Population control is important because the higher the population growth rate the slower the accumulation of wealth. Instead of being a producer for the society the additional labor can be a burden. The vital factor in achieving the "Four Modernizations" is not the quantity of labor but the increase in productivity.     

中国人口劳动参与率与未来劳动力供给分析

对未来劳动力供给进行准确预测判断将有利于我们未来就业政策、现实人口政策和社会保障政策的科学制定,也是对未来人口与经济形势准确判定的依据,是一项非常重要的工作。在充分考虑人口老龄化、劳动参与率年龄模式变动以及受教育水平提高影响的基础上,对未来劳动供给进行预测。预测结果显示,如果不考虑65岁及以上人口的就业,到2016年将达到从业人员的高峰7.58亿,其后持续减少,到2050年前后减少到6.4亿;如果考虑65岁及以上人口的就业,我国的就业高峰将出现在2022年前后,到2045年以后,劳动力供给将大规模减少。届时劳动供养人口将会大大增加,这必须引起当代人在规划人口发展时的重视。     

东北亚地区国际劳务合作与我国的境外就业

东北亚地区各国人口数量和结构的差异,经济结构和发展水平的差异,使得区域内劳动力供需存在很强的互补性。东北亚区域合作的开展形成了区域内国际劳务合作的多种形式。我国作为区域内的主要劳务输出国,扩大与区域内各国的劳务合作,对缓解我国就业压力具有积极作用。     

The population and economic problems of South Asia]

South Asia, which includes Central South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia, had a comparatively higher population growth rate during the 30-year postwar period because of the overall backward economy and strong religious tradition. From the viewpoint of economics, the high population growth in South Asia has slowed down economic growth, increased the foreign trade imblance, and worsened poverty. Secondly, the rapid population growth has overburdened the area's educational system. The illiteracy rate has been going up continuously because of inadequate funds available for education. Thirdly, young labor is lacking in skills, training, and work experience, and related productivity has declined. Consequently, profits, the investment capability, and wages are also declining. The problems of the oversupply of labor, unemployment, and poverty have also become increasingly serious. In addition, the rapid population growth has intensified the pressure on the food supply and worsened the average nutrition of the general public. In recent years, countries in South Asia have been trying to deal with various problems caused by the rapid population growth. Measures have been taken to control the population growth, with a redistribution of the population to places outside cities, and export labor to oil-producing nations of the Middle East and Africa in order to solve the problem of the domestic labor surplus and earn more income for the foreign exchange. Countries in South Asia need more time and effort to achieve a balance between the population growth and economic development.     

主体功能区格局下的宁夏农村人口梯度转移与合理分布

随着主体功能区的建设,在宁夏农村劳动力转移过程中,由于劳动力素质的差异,生产条件较好的限制开发的农业区劳动力大量转移出去,导致粮食生产面临劳动力短缺的压力;与此同时,一些生产条件和生态环境较差的限制开发的生态区的劳动力转移效果较差,相当数量的劳动力转移不出去,导致环境压力依然存在,脱贫难度大。因此,需要通过一系列的制度创新推动宁夏农村人口的梯度转移及合理分布。     

中国城市化发展对粮食生产影响分析

1990年之后,我国粮食生产变动较大,同时我国城市化的两个主要方面——人口城市化和土地利用城市化继续迅速发展,分别表现为:粮食总产量波动很大,人均粮食产量呈减少趋势;人口城市化保持快速推进,导致农业劳动力数量减少、素质弱化;土地利用的城市化发展速度更快,造成耕地面积减少、质量不断降低。数据分析显示,我国目前粮食生产仍主要依靠劳动力和耕地两大基本要素的投入,因此城市化的上述发展特征,将对中国粮食生产造成不利影响。