“职场紧箍咒”——超时劳动对受雇者健康的影响及其性别差异

从时间配置的理论视角入手,分析超时劳动对受雇者身心健康的影响及其性别差异,并利用全国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS)进行实证研究。结果显示,超时劳动会导致受雇者的健康风险显著升高,并且超时劳动对女性健康的负面影响更大。因此,管理者与受雇者都应该关注时间配置,改革工作流程与工作方式,提升工作效率,降低因超时劳动引发的健康风险。本研究还启示社会各界要额外关注超时劳动对女性群体身心健康的不良影响,促进性别公平发展。     

延迟退休对青年人就业的影响分析——基于我国29个省份、18个行业的数据分析

本文通过对我国29个省份、18个行业老年人-青年人就业关系面板数据的分析发现,延迟退休虽然对青年人就业有显著负影响,但影响相对较小。延迟退休对青年人就业的影响依行业而不同,负向影响主要表现在教育、科技等高端行业上。制造业、批发零售等低端行业中,老年人延迟退休对青年人就业的负向影响不大,在个别行业中对青年人就业可能起促进作用。而且,我们发现,性别差异对老年人-青年人就业关系存在影响。     

退休对中老年人健康的影响研究

近几年我国政府不断释放延迟退休的政策意向,但该政策对健康的影响往往被忽略。本文利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用法定退休年龄作为工具变量,研究退休(指需要办理退休手续)对中老年人健康的影响。研究显示,退休对自评健康、抑郁和认知均产生了负面影响且对女性、教育程度较低、45⁵4岁的人群影响更为显著。此外,对影响路径的分析表明,退休会通过显著减少人们的社交活动和休息时间来危害健康。本文的基本结论是退休对健康有负面影响,延迟退休有助于优化人们整个生命周期的健康水平。这从健康角度为延迟退休政策提供了实证依据。     

欧盟解决就业性别差异的措施及评价

20世纪70年代开始,欧盟逐步把社会性别平等的内在涵义纳入其社会政策,发展了由指令、建议和行动项目构成的相互关联又递进发展的就业男女平等政策。研究欧盟解决就业性别差异的政策与法律法规,对欧盟在解决就业性别差异的措施效果进行评价,进一步提出我国解决两性就业性别差异的建议。     

城镇老年人退休轨迹的多元化趋势与性别差异——基于生命历程视角的研究

在人口老龄化与经济转型背景下,增进对劳动者退休过程的认识有利于完善老年人就业及退休政策。应将退休过程视作连续轨迹进行研究,并充分考虑人群异质性与宏观社会经济背景对其影响。利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2014年生命历程调查中的工作史数据,采用序列分析方法识别出中国城镇男性老年人典型退休轨迹(60岁退休型、55岁退休型、提前退休型、长期失业型和非正规就业型)和女性老年人典型退休轨迹(50岁前退休型、55岁退休型、长期失业型和非正规就业型)。通过比较代际间退休轨迹分布的离散程度差异发现,在经济转型过程中,老年人退休轨迹呈现出明显的多元化特征和性别差异,女性轨迹的多元化程度更高,男性轨迹随代际递增的多元化趋势更为明显。     

农村婚姻移民的社会适应及性别差异初探——来自吴江的实证研究

目前国内关于农村婚姻移民的社会适应研究还处于空白。本文利用《2010年吴江市居民生活质量调查》研究中236份婚姻移民的数据,从社会性别视角出发,从主观感知、经济层面、社会关系、文化适应等方面探索农村婚姻移民的社会适应状况和性别差异。实证研究发现,婚姻移民的主观适应感较好,其总体经济适应程度要低于本地居民,在社会关系、文化等方面也仍有少数人未能融入当地生活;社会性别因素对社会适应的主观感知没有显著影响,但在社会适应的经济、社会关系、文化等不同方面存在显著的性别差异。     

我国农村居民健康人力资本对其非农就业收入影响的实证研究

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010和2012年的数据,建构自我健康评价、体质指数BMI和近期的身体状况作为我国农村居民健康人力资本度量指标,研究健康人力资本对我国农村居民非农就业及其非农就业收入的影响。本文选择赫克曼两阶段模型进行实证研究,该方法在一定程度上克服了观测数据所带来的自选择问题,实证结果发现良好的健康状况对我国农村居民参与非农就业和获取非农就业收入具有显著正向影响,健康人力资本对我国农村居民非农就业和非农就业收入具有显著性别差异,对农村男性居民非农就业和非农就业收入的正向影响更为显著,年龄、婚姻、教育、户籍等其他控制变量也对我国农村居民非农就业及其非农就业收入产生了显著影响。     

流动人口初职时间间隔及其影响因素的性别差异——基于生存分析的视角

基于福建省2977个流动人口职业流动的个体历时数据,应用Kaplan-Meyer方法和Cox比例风险模型方法,对不同性别流动人口的初职时间间隔及其影响因素的异同进行分析。研究发现,与男性流动人口相比,女性流动人口离开初职的概率略小,但在初职的时间间隔偏短。在初职时间间隔的影响因素中,初职收入、教育年限、婚姻状态、家庭迁移类型和流入地城镇等级规模的影响存在性别共性,而家庭抚养比、职业类型、企业性质和来源地类型的影响存在性别差异。     

婚姻对个体精神健康的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据实证研究发现,已婚者比离婚、丧偶和未婚者的抑郁水平更低;从未结婚者抑郁程度最高,离婚者抑郁程度次之,再次是丧偶者的抑郁程度;并且婚姻对男性精神健康保护效应大于女性.分居会降低个体精神健康水平,这种作用对农村男性更加显著,说明婚姻对精神健康的保护效应受到婚姻质量的影响.婚姻匹配方式会显著影响女性精神健康:女性与受教育程度相当或者低于自己的男性结婚,其抑郁水平会增加,在农村地区尤为明显.高质量的婚姻对个体精神健康具有保护效应,家庭和婚姻能有效改善个体精神健康.     

Unraveling Health Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Commentary on the Persistent Impact of Stigma

ABSTRACT

LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) populations experience disparities in health outcomes, both physical and mental, compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. This commentary confronts the view held by some researchers that the disparate rates of mental health problems reported among LGBT populations are the consequences of pursuing a particular life trajectory, rather than resulting from the corrosive and persistent impact of stigma. Suggesting that mental health disparities among LGBT populations arise internally, de novo, when individuals express non-heterosexual and non-conforming gender identities ignores the vast body of evidence documenting the destructive impact of socially mediated stigma and systemic discrimination on health outcomes for a number of minorities, including sexual and gender minorities. Furthermore, such thinking is antithetical to widely accepted standards of health and wellbeing because it implies that LGBT persons should adopt and live out identities that contradict or deny their innermost feelings of self.     

Disparities in Physical Health Conditions Among Lesbian and Bisexual Women: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies

We conducted a systematic review to assess evidence for disparities for lesbian and bisexual women (i.e., sexual minority women [SMW]) in comparison with heterosexual women across a range of nine physical health conditions. Among the k = 11 studies meeting eligibility criteria, almost every comparison (i.e., heterosexual vs. (a) lesbian, (b) bisexual, or (c) both lesbian and bisexual women) was in a direction indicating SMW disparities. Despite limited power due to small samples of SMW, we found evidence of disparities as indicated by a statistically significant adjusted odds ratios for asthma (5 of 7 comparisons), obesity (8 of 12), arthritis (2 of 3), global ratings of physical health (4 of 7), and cardiovascular disease (1 of 1). Evidence was lacking for cancer (1 of 4), diabetes and hypertension (both 1 of 5), and high cholesterol (0 of 3). Future work should confirm findings in more diverse, larger samples and should examine potential explanatory factors.     

Violence as Mediating Variable in Mental Health Disparities Associated to Sexual Orientation Among Mexican Youths

ABSTRACT

In this study, we explored the role of sex as an effect-modifying variable in the association between sexual orientation and mental health in Mexican youth. In addition, we tested if violent experiences in the family and the school and attitudes toward homosexuality could act as mediating variables in such association. Data from three representative surveys performed in 2007, 2009, and 2013 among Mexican high school students were analyzed. Two dimensions of sexual orientation were evaluated: romantic partnership and sexual behavior. The outcomes were negative and positive mood, suicidal ideation and intent, self-concept, and self-esteem. There were differences by gender because in males, there were more disparities in mental health associated with sexual orientation (suicidal ideation and attempt, negative and positive mood, negative self-concept, and family-related self-esteem) than in females (suicidal ideation and negative mood). Experiences of school violence were mediators in the relationship between sexual orientation and most health outcomes in males.     

性别失衡下的人口健康与公共安全:国际视野与历史经验

在经济社会转型之际,中国因出生性别比和女婴死亡水平的持续偏高而即将面临严峻的性别结构失衡问题。大规模的男性过剩人口将对人口健康特别是公共健康与安全造成什么样的风险成为政府成功应对挑战的关注点。在目前尚缺乏直接证据的前提下,基于国际的视野和历史经验,从个体人口健康、公共健康与安全两个层次,对不同时期和文化环境下有关性别失衡与健康风险的研究进行系统的综述,识别出男性过剩的人口环境将引发的健康风险的类型和危害程度,在比较分析的基础上,提出应对中国性别失衡背景下健康风险的政策建议,讨论未来该领域的研究方向。     

出生性别比失调对中国未来男性婚姻挤压的影响

对中国2000年-2050年因出生性别失调对男性婚姻挤压的影响进行的测算结果显示,现在的出生性别失调将造就大批无法婚配的单身男性,这将对未来的婚姻市场、家庭安全、社会稳定产生极为不利的影响。出生性别比失调是人们的生育意愿、国家的生育政策、以及育龄夫妇从家庭角度进行理性选择的结果,我们应该采取综合措施包括完善生育政策来应对这一挑战。     

Gender Differences in Mental Health Before and After Retirement:

A longitudinal research design was used to examine the relationship between retirement and mental health among 222 retirees (114 men and 108 women) at three different time periods: (I) at preretirement; (2) six months; and (3) one year later. Gender differences in the expression of symptoms, especially psychological anxiety, drinking problems, and health, were found across all three time periods. Retirement resulted in increases in drinking problems and psychological anxiety for both men and women. Intervention strategies are discussed and recommended based on how retirees experience symptoms. Gerontologists must recognize how significantly gender and retirement impact on the mental health of older persons and consider these factors in their practice.     

影响健康状况差异诸因素的经济学分析——基于Grossman扩展模型的解释

一个普遍的事实是受教育程度高的人群拥有更好的健康状况。然而受教育程度和健康状况的这种关系的具体量化,却因为不同的人群和时间的变化而表现出不同的特征。本文以影响健康状况的诸因素为基础,通过对Grossman模型加以扩展,揭示出了这种关系的具体量化过程并分析了技术进步、政府的医疗政策和疾病的性质在这一过程中的作用。最后利用扩展模型分析的结论,对药品价格下调、医疗保险制度和医疗补贴等公共健康政策做出了分析。     

退休对男性老年人健康的影响--基于断点回归的实证研究

退休是个体从过去工作生涯中抽身出来的转折点,退休后个人福利的变化是老龄化社会值得关注的问题。基于中国家庭追踪调查（ CFPS）2012年数据,以男性为例采用模糊断点回归的方法识别退休对个体心理、生理健康的因果影响。结果显示,退休对个体的生理健康并没有显著影响,但对其心理健康有显著的正向效应。从影响渠道来看,退休后个体压力减少,认知功能、记忆力以及对生活满意程度提升是导致健康（尤其是心理健康）改善的主要原因。本文的研究为未来退休政策的制定提供参考。     

Exploring Perceived Discrimination Among LGBT Individuals in Turkey in Education,Employment, and Health Care: Results of an Online Survey

This article explores the discrimination practices encountered by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals in education, income, employment, and health care in Turkey. Limited quantitative data on LGBT individuals are available in Turkey. This study collected data from 2,875 LGBT individuals through a Web-based survey. The findings suggest that LGBT individuals report perceived direct and indirect discrimination in accessing education, employment, and health care. In a country where LGBT rights are not yet recognized and antidiscrimination legislation covering sexual orientation and gender identity is still nonexistent, findings demonstrate perceived discrimination of LGBTs rarely turns into a legal complaint. Even when they do, most LGBTs in our sample report that they did not feel that the justice system addressed their grievances.