Awareness and partitional information structures

This is the first of two papers where we present a formal model of unawareness. We contrast unawareness with certainty and uncertainty. A subject is certain of something when he knows that thing; he is uncertain when he does not know it, but he knows he does not: he is consciously uncertain. On the other hand, he isunaware of something when he does not know it, and he does not know he does not know, and so on ad infinitum: he does not perceive, does not have in mind, the object of knowledge. The opposite of unawareness is awareness, which includes certainty and uncertainty.This paper has three main purposes. First, we formalize the concept of awareness, and introduce a symmetry axiom which states that a subject can be aware of something, say, if and only if he is aware of its negation not-; in other words, that and not- are perceived together, or neither is. We then derive the basic properties of awareness.The second purpose is to prove a different axiomatic characterization, based on the concept of awareness of the system which underlies the model of information with partitional structures (known asS5).The third purpose of this paper is to show that without a substantial weakening of the rules of inferences normally assumed in modal logic a satisfactory model of unawareness, which includes the symmetry axiom, is impossible. This alternative approach is developed in a second paper by the same authors.     

On the evaluation of solution concepts

It is proposed that solution concepts for games should be evaluated in a way that is analogous to the way a logic is evaluated by a model theory for the language. A solution concept defines a set of strategy profiles, as a logic defines a set of theorems. A model theoretic analysis for a game defines a class of models, which are abstract representations of particular plays of the game. Given an appropriate definition of a model, one can show that various solution concepts are characterized by intuitively natural classes of models in the same sense that the set of theorems of a logic is characterized by a class of models of the language. Sketches of characterization results of this kind are given for rationalizability, Nash equilibrium, and for a refinement of rationalizability —strong rationalizability — that has some features of an equilibrium concept. It is shown that strong rationalizability is equivalent to Nash equilibrium in perfect information games. Extensions of the model theoretic framework that represent belief revision and that permit the characterization of other solution concepts are explored informally.     

On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

心理学研究感性认识形式，逻辑学研究理性认识形式。二者密切相关但却长期分离。认知科学的建立和发展，为心理学和逻辑学的交叉融合提供了科学依据和学科框架。在认知科学的框架下，逻辑学发生了本质的变化，产生了认知逻辑新的研究框架。在这个框架下，心理学与逻辑学交叉融合，产生了心理逻辑这一新兴学科。它认为逻辑推理受心理因素影响，是由人参与的、涉身的经验科学。认知逻辑开启了当代逻辑学发展的新时代，走上了作为多学科共同工具的广阔发展道路。认知科学的发展将带来一个学科综合交叉、问题引领科学研究、科学研究引领学科建设、人才全面发展的新时代。     

论知识的不确定性

“确定”是指事物或过程本身的客观性 ,同时还意味着主体对客体的认识和理解程度。不确定性是指事物或过程不具有“确定”那样的性质。 2 0世纪以来 ,科学知识凸显出不确定性。之所以如此 ,一是由于它本身就具有不确定性 ,二是它受到客观世界的影响所导致     

试论企业隐性知识管理

隐性知识在企业知识中占绝大部分比例 ,隐性知识不易编码和传播 ,不易被其他企业仿制或窃取 ,是形成企业核心竞争能力的基础。企业隐性知识分为四个层次 ,各个层次的隐性知识可以流动和转移。我国企业隐性知识有效管理的主要措施是 :建立促进隐性知识共享的高效机制 ,自上而下的企业文化渗透 ,形成自下而上的知识拉动型流动 ,采取相关技术促进隐性知识创造和共享。     

知识经济时代史学研究质量论略

改革开放以来,中国的史学研究取得了前所未有的成就,研究的规模和成果的数量都是空前的.但如果仔细审视这种发展现状,不免有"只见树木,不见森林"之虞,原因在于史学的研究质量还有改进的余地.因此,在知识经济时代,史学若想与时代同步,必须改变研究现状,在提高自己的研究质量上下功夫,以学术研究质量的最优化来获得社会效益的最大化.     

论知识经济下高校德育工作的改进

21世纪是知识经济的时代,知识经济将使中国高校的德育工作背景发生深刻变化。基于知识经济下增强民族凝聚力和大学生个体道德发展的要求,我们必须改进高校德育工作,实现教育理念及对大学生从教会“顺从”到教会“选择”的转变,实现全面提高德育工作者素质,实现德育工作手段的现代化,实现德育工作的不断创新。     

论中国现代启蒙文学思潮的深层文化逻辑

在中国现代启蒙主义文学思潮框架中,救国、立国是一个似乎永远"在场"而又被抛弃的"上帝","立人"才是其思想建构的逻辑基点.立人的命题不但意味着从国民性入手进行启蒙的工作,同时又逐渐拓展到这样的深度达到能够超越一切羁绊的、真正自由的和理性的个体,即实现一种自律的创造的生命自我.这一过程蕴涵着中国现代启蒙文学思潮不断深入的独特文化逻辑.     

Probability and juxtaposition effects: An experimental investigation of the common ratio effect

Several theories explain the common ratio effect as a probability effect resulting from properties of individuals' preference orderings over probability distributions of consequences. In contrast, regret theory explains it as the result of changes in the juxtaposition of consequences in the action/state matrix. This article reports an experiment that allowed probability effects and juxtaposition effects to be separately identified for some common ratio problems, some of which involved real gains and others, real losses. The main finding is that changes in the juxtaposition of consequences have systematic effects on choices in the direction predicted by regret theory.University of East Anglia     

论传统民间信仰与社会主义精神文明建设

民间信仰是民俗文化的一种表现形式 ,其中包含着健康的内容 ,也含有消极的因素。民间信仰对建设社会主义精神文明有重要影响。健康的民间信仰保存了大量民族精神和文化传统 ,可作为社会主义精神文明建设的宝贵资源 ,在精神文明建设中发挥积极作用 ;消极的民间信仰存有大量封建迷信的内容 ,严重制约着精神文明建设。因此只有加强对民间信仰的积极引导 ,做好保留其精华、剔除其糟粕的工作 ,才能使民间信仰在社会主义精神文明建设中发挥积极作用。     

Social cognition and the origin of concepts in Durkheim's sociology of knowledge

This paper re-examines a key feature of Emile Durkheim's sociology of knowledge from a critical realist perspective. It is argued that Durkheim's attempt to establish a social basis for the categories in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life should be understood along ontological rather than epistemological lines. This brings to light new problems with the argument which, however, can be brought fruitfully into contact with the more recent social psychological literature on collective intentionality. This yields insights into future lines of inquiry into social cognition and theories of human conceptualizing capacities.     

汉晋至唐岳神司命信仰谳论

在民间信仰脉络中,先秦"泰山治鬼"说在汉代演化为泰山司命信仰,逮至晋唐,泰山主治生死的职能更为细化,形成以泰山神为首的地府衙署。作为岱宗,泰山司命信仰自然会影响五岳。东汉时泰山裁定生死的职能已投射到五岳。至唐代,岳神司命信仰流布更广,信仰内涵渐趋丰富,更多折射出世俗化的信仰诉求。与民间岳神司命信仰发展理路不同,汉唐道教将泰山治鬼说与道教神学思想结合并加以创发,道教岳神司命信仰由此别具特点,具体表现为泰山司命的重要标识——泰山死籍形成、岳神司命信仰与五岳真形图信仰、五岳真君信仰相融合。     

从孟子性善论的逻辑维度看社会主义荣辱观

社会主义荣辱观确立的关键是民众形成道德自律,而孟子性善论在道德自律方面有着非常完备的逻辑体系,其理论前提中已经本然蕴含了荣辱观意识,并且从道德必然和意志自由关系中折射出来,而后在改造人性的途径和方法中体现人的尊严,从而形成了民众的荣辱观。我们有必要从孟子性善论的逻辑维度来进一步明确社会主义荣辱观的实现路径,从而推动社会主义先进文化与和谐社会建设。     

论知识经济条件下当代良性文学生态环境的营造 --兼谈世纪之交文学的生存境遇及其应对策略

知识经济的时代背景为中国当代文学发展带来了利与弊。一方面,经济化和全球化使文学在向市场妥协的过程中出现滑坡,导致作家的"失语";另一方面,国际化的交流与碰撞迫使作家主动调整思维观念,催生了更多元立体的文学价值观。为使文学在知识经济条件下扬长避短,继续保持并发挥它在新世纪烛照人类精神的作用,就必须倾心尽力为其营造一个良性的文学生态环境,包括外源性生态环境,内源性生态环境,同时也包括作协和文联等中介性组织机制。只有彼此同步协调,强调整体综合效应,才能促使文学在新世纪持续、健康而又有序地发展。     

论社会治理原理与原则

社会治理时代正向我们走来,引起人们的极大关注。有什么样的社会就会有什么样的社会统治、社会管理、社会治理。在后工业化与全球治理的背景下,我国多质态的社会统治、社会管理、社会治理还将历时态与共时态地长期并存,同时呈现以政党治理、国家治理、政府治理三位一体的“独家管理”为主、社会自理或自治、合作或共同管理、相互管理或相互治理的多种模式。社会管理或治理主客体的二重性,往往使得原生性主体缺位,派生性或衍生性主体越位,形成社会管理或社会治理主客体之间的不对称、不对等的互动互补趋势。这种趋势必然要求在社会管理和社会治理过程中遵循共同但有区别的原则,以实现对社会的有效管理和治理。     

本原与指归--论哲学社会科学类学术期刊知识、学术属性之强化

哲学社会科学类学术期刊虽然在理论上存在文化产品和文化商品属性,但在市场经济的背景下必须着重深化对其知识属性和学术属性的认识。并且,市场经济越是发达,越要求有更高学术品位的哲学社会科学类期刊与之相适应,以进一步地推进哲学社会科学的繁荣,促进市场经济的发展。知识和学术属性是哲学社会科学类学术期刊的安身立命之本,这不仅是社会分工使然,更是社会进步的需要。     

Collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy and oligarchy: Chicago economics' ideological preferences revealed by the sociology of knowledge

The article places and analyzes the Chicago school of economics within the framework of Mannheim's sociology of knowledge or ideas that posits and documents social determinants of ideas and ideologies. This framework reveals the Chicago school as the explicit or implicit ideology and utopia of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy in the sense of apologetics of these social classes and/or systems, thus being the class form of ‘apologetic economics’. Specifically, first, Chicago economics reveals itself as the collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy. Second, it appears as the ‘collective‐conscious’ apologetics in this respect. In addition, it come close to the mostly covert collective‐unconscious or conscious apologetics of theocracy and fascism. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the social, in particular class, factors of Chicago and related schools of economics and generally of economic ideas, theories and policies by applying Mannheim's sociology of knowledge, especially its emphasis on the collective unconscious as the source of ideology.     

创造性与知识、智力和人格关系研究述评

创造性与知识、智力和人格关系问题是创造性研究中的重要课题,并对教育的价值追求具有导向作用。过去国际学术界对这些问题的认识存在重大分歧,但最近的有些观点具有逐渐融合的趋势。本文利用国内外新近研究资料重新评价了有关的观点,并对新近出现的实证研究证据及其对教育的意义进行了讨论。     

Anything women can do men can do better: An experiment examining the effects of stereotype threat on political knowledge and efficacy

Negative stereotypes have been shown to create cognitive burdens that decrease intellectual performance in a number of tasks such as math and standardized tests. Applying a multidisciplinary approach and an experimental research design, this paper examines the effect of stereotype threat on political knowledge and political efficacy. A sample of 226 undergraduate students completed an online survey on political knowledge and efficacy. Participants were randomly assigned to a stereotype threat condition or a non-threat condition. Contrary to what was hypothesized, stereotype threat does not explain the political knowledge gap between men and women; men score significantly higher than women in both conditions. However, preliminary evidence suggests the presence of stereotype lift in men's sense of political efficacy. Men's political efficacy demonstrates a moderate increase in the stereotype threat condition while women's sense of efficacy does not change (d = .53).     

论知识经济研究对现代化理论的超越与缺失

为工业社会提供指导的现代化理论 ,在价值目标、理论解释模型、指导方法等方面都已陷入了困境 ,虽然已经遭到内部学者及其他学说的批判 ,但都因没有其现实的经济基础而未获成功。知识经济这种新经济形式及对之研究的出现 ,摆脱了现代化理论的“欧洲中心主义” ,打破了现代化理论的“工业神话” ,克服了现代化理论模型诸多方面的主观臆想性 ,进一步明确了社会发展中的几个重大问题 ,为世界进入知识经济时代提供了有力的指导。但不可忽视的是 ,目前对知识经济的研究还存在着一些问题