创新数量、创新质量与高技术产业出口

中国已经成为创新大国，拥有较大规模的创新数量，但还不是创新强国，创新质量水平较低。在贸易保护主义日趋严重的今天，研究创新数量、创新质量与外贸出口的互动机制具有重要意义。本文基于高技术产业面板数据，采用面板数据模型、贝叶斯向量自回归模型分析了创新数量、创新质量与出口的互动关系。研究结果表明：创新数量与外贸出口之间呈现良性互动；创新质量与外贸出口互动作用较低；企业研发经费投入能有效地促进创新数量与创新质量的提升；政府研发经费投入不能有效地促进创新数量与创新质量的提升；创新数量、创新质量之间具有一定的良性互动关系。     

贸易信贷的分析与国际比较

伴随贸易规模的扩大,贸易信贷已成为影响一国对外资产和负债的重要因素。本文利用翔实的历史数据,全面分析了主要国际贸易国(地区)贸易信贷资产、负债和差额情况。实证结果表明,贸易信贷的影响因素十分复杂,国别贸易信贷没有明显的统计规律。各国贸易信贷规模和比例的差异较大,但保持相对稳定,当前我国贸易信贷资产负债的规模和比例基本正常,这对于我们制定有效的贸易信贷管理政策有一定的指导意义。     

进口国质量管制条件下的出口国企业创新与产业升级

本文从进口国产品质量管制角度来研究出口国企业创新和被动产业升级的内在机制。进口国产品质量管制构成出口国出口企业的市场进入障碍,后者必须通过工艺创新来达到最低质量标准并降低成本保持优势,由此出口国实现被动性产业升级。本文构建理论模型证明了出口企业进行创新必须满足的条件,并且出口企业创新利润会随着进口国质量管制水平高低而变化,存在令出口企业创新利润最大化的质量管制水平。同时出口企业定价能力提高能促进被动性产业升级,出口国政府也能在被动性产业升级过程中发挥积极影响。     

A GLOBAL VIEW OF CROSS‐BORDER MIGRATION

This paper evaluates the global welfare impact of observed levels of migration using a quantitative multi‐sector model of the world economy calibrated to aggregate and firm‐level data. Our framework features cross‐country labor productivity differences, international trade, remittances, and a heterogeneous workforce. We compare welfare under the observed levels of migration to a no‐migration counterfactual. In the long run, natives in countries that received a lot of migration—such as Canada or Australia—are better off due to greater product variety available in consumption and as intermediate inputs. In the short run, the impact of migration on average welfare in these countries is close to zero, while the skilled and unskilled natives tend to experience welfare changes of opposite signs. The remaining natives in countries with large emigration flows—such as Jamaica or El Salvador—are also better off due to migration, but for a different reason: remittances. The welfare impact of observed levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances.     

基于DEA模型的农产品国际贸易效率的国际比较研究

本文选取117个国家作为样本,运用DEA模型对农产品国际贸易效率问题进行实证研究,结果表明中国农产品国际贸易效率较低,其主要原因是农产品的流通能力较弱,且在影响农产品流通能力的各个因素中,公路等硬件设施并没有拖累中国农产品的流通能力,而航空、农产品附加值较低、初级教育水平低等才是制约农产品国际贸易效率的主要原因。     

贸易增长、国际生产分割与CO2排放核算:产业vs.产品

国际生产分割影响碳排放核算的准确性。之前研究集中在讨论产业部门的效应,本文从产品"蕴含"(embodied)污染的角度进行分析。依据最新可获得的投入产出表数据,考虑加工贸易,利用改进的结构分解模型(SDA),本文研究了我国温室气体排放的影响因素。结果表明:出口的迅猛增长造成了大量的污染排放(剔除加工贸易的影响);其次,排放强度的大幅度降低有效地缓解了环境压力,但生产技术变化的方向、最终消费的高速增长使得节能减排的压力巨大。从产品"蕴含"污染的角度,建筑业的扩张对CO₂排放影响明显,2002年至2007年间对该产品的消费贡献了28%的CO₂排放增幅。因此,应加强技术进步的减排作用,诸如大力推广绿色建筑等。     

跨国企业嵌入集群下链与链竞争动态网络模型分析

在产业集群背景下,跨国企业携技术领先优势进入集群,经历从竞争嵌入(斯坦伯格博弈)到融合均衡(古诺博弈)两阶段。基于此,本文研究集群原有供应链在跨国企业嵌入后,形成原供应链与新供应链之间相互竞争,以及最终达到集群整体网络动态均衡的变化过程,通过利用变分不等式和动态博弈方法,建立起考虑汇率下的链与链动态竞争网络模型,并给出相应的算法。通过实例发现,在第一阶段原有集群供应链能保持较高的消费者满意度,且市场占有率高于跨国企业供应链;在第二阶段,跨国企业供应链的市场占有率则反超。更重要的是,在第二阶段集群市场整体销量和整体利润总和均高于第一阶段。     

全球价值链贸易网络分析与国际风险传导应对

在全球化生产不断演进的背景下，参与国际分工各国在共享分工福利的同时，如何避免 外部世界的冲击?关于这一问题，若从一国所处的与其他国家的价值链贸易网络的视角给予 考察，或许能够得到一些答案.本文基于2000年~2014年世界投入产出数据，研究发现全球价值链贸易网络具有“小世界现象”和“无标度特性”等复杂网络性质，且整个网络的演化是一个循序渐进的过程.接着指出，在全球生产网络分析框架下，一国可通过强化其在全球价值链贸易网络中的集约性和广延性特征，实现自身重要程度的提高，弱化来自外部波动的影响.最后，从进口(投入)和出口(产出)两个方向对上述结论给予验证，即一国可通过增加上下游贸易对象数量并降低贸易强度分布集中度，做广做均全球外贸发展布局，弱化内外部之间风险互相传导的冲击，稳健全球价值链贸易网络.     

Trade and Labour Markets: Vertical and Regional Differentiation in Italy

The labour market misfortunes of the less skilled and rapid growth of international trade in manufactured goods with less advanced countries are linked by the paradoxical observation that trade theorists are in the forefront of those denying the importance of trade in income distribution. This paper analyses this conclusion by stressing the importance of vertical differentiation of trade flows and regional differentiation of skills in order to identify labour market effects of trade integration. Vertical and regional differentiation in trade and labour markets are analysed for a country, Italy, where these two elements seem to play a crucial role. The results show a likely displacement effect on unskilled labour due to trade flows with less advanced countries. Given the characteristics of Italian trade and labour markets, a stronger trade‐induced displacement effect on demand for unskilled labour takes place in the North of the country. Thus the vertical differentiation in Italian intra‐industry trade is a warning against understating the effect of trade on labour markets if product heterogeneity is not adequately considered. The regional differentiation of skill intensity is another warning against understating the effect of trade on labour markets whenever cross‐sectoral effects and the change in relative specialization are not adequately considered.     

Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex ante) Identical Countries

This paper proposes a symmetry‐breaking model of trade with a (large but) finite number of (ex ante) identical countries and a continuum of tradeable goods, which differ in their dependence on local differentiated producer services. Productivity differences across countries arise endogenously through free entry to the local service sector in each country. In any stable equilibrium, the countries sort themselves into specializing in different sets of tradeable goods, and a strict ranking of countries in per capita income, TFP, and the capital‐labor ratio emerges endogenously. Furthermore, the distribution of country shares, the Lorenz curve, is unique and analytically solvable in the limit, as the number of countries grows unbounded. Using this limit as an approximation allows us to study what determines the shape of distribution, to perform various comparative statics, and to evaluate the welfare effects of trade.     

Price promotions,operations cost,and profit in a two-stage supply chain

The phenomenon in which demand variability increases as one moves upstream in the supply chain has been often observed in practice. This so-called “bullwhip effect” often increases upstream operations costs, including inventory holding and transportation costs. Price variations are considered to be one of the primary causes of the bullwhip effect, and thus everyday low price (EDLP) strategies are commonly recommended to counter the negative impacts of the bullwhip effect. However, trade promotions continue to play an important role in the U.S. supermarket industry as well as other industries. This paper investigates this apparent inconsistency between the literature and practice by employing a deterministic, two-stage supply chain model composed of a single supplier and a single retailer. We demonstrate that even though the use of trade promotions can indeed increase a retailer's and supplier's operations costs, these costs may be more than offset by increased revenues, even in the absence of explicit coordination. That is, if the supplier judiciously applies a trade promotion strategy and the retailer passes some of this discount to its customers, then under certain conditions, the resulting supply chain profit can exceed that under an EDLP strategy. We provide a broad set of computational results that validate this conclusion and discuss the resulting managerial insights.     

The Quality of Industrial Relations and Labour Market Performance

Abstract. Using data from 19 industrial countries for the period 1985–2002, this paper analyses whether the quality of industrial relations affects unemployment and employment rates. To measure the quality of industrial relations, we use the results of surveys in which senior business executives characterized the industrial relations of their countries. Controlling for the impact of major labour market institutions, the business cycle, the level of economic development, unobserved country effects, as well as endogeneity, we find that cooperative industrial relations are likely to lower unemployment and to increase employment. The effects appear to be large, particularly among young people.     

CAFTA产业集聚与平衡发展效应实证研究

中国-东盟自由贸易区（CAFTA）是在中国主导下成立的区域经济一体化组织（CAFTA）,积极推进自由贸易区内部成员国的产业集聚与产业发展,并通过经济一体化效应,促进东盟各成员国产业升级和平衡发展,本次研究在空间经济学理论基础上,应用产业集聚常用的H指数和模型分析,实证研究区域经济一体化过程中产业集聚效应和产业集聚到平衡发展路径。研究结果表明：有效协调的一体化机制成为自由贸易区的平衡机制;协调加速产业转移;产业集聚的最终结果将走向产业平衡。     

贸易自由化视角下新丝绸之路战略经济影响评估

新丝绸之路是中国当前实施的一项重大的对外战略,而贸易畅通是中国推进该战略的一项重要举措。中国已经宣布将积极与沿线国家和地区共同商建自由贸易区,激发区域合作潜力。 为探讨贸易自由化视角下新丝绸之路战略的经济影响,采用全球贸易分析模型进行定量分析,以新丝绸之路建设的核心区(中国和中亚五国)为分析对象,从实际GDP、居民福利、进出口贸易和产业结构等方面,对中国与中亚五国开展区域经济一体化合作的效果进行评估。 研究结果表明,①新丝绸之路推进会给沿线国家带来不同的经济增长效应和福利改善效果,是一个共同繁荣和发展的战略。受益于关税减免,中国和中亚五国总GDP增长0.011%,总的福利水平改善671.065百万美元。②新丝绸之路会显著提升沿线国家的经贸合作水平,改变参与国家的产业结构和贸易结构。通过推进区域经济一体化,中国向中亚五国出口增长31.402%,中亚五国向中国出口增长14.143%。③新丝绸之路战略的推进会带来复杂的行业分布效果,中国纺织业受益较大,但农业和电子设备制造业均会遭受一定的损失。与之不同,哈萨克斯坦钢铁金属业产出增幅最高,吉尔吉斯斯坦受益最大的是农业。 从贸易畅通视角推进新丝绸之路经济带建设符合互惠互利的基本原则,中国应该全面客观地了解新丝绸之路战略的影响,针对那些受损严重的行业可能需要出台一定的保护措施。     

经济影响、政治分歧与制度摩擦——美国对华贸易反倾销实证研究

使用格兰杰因果检验与计数模型,本文对美国对华贸易反倾销的经济、政治及制度因素进行了实证分析,结果显示,经济因素仍然是美国对华贸易反倾销的主要原因,其中,美国国内工业产出的波动与对华贸易逆差显著提高了美国对华的反倾销调查频率,实证结果同时显示中美政治联系与美国对华反倾销之间存在显著的联系,中美政治联系的恶化将强化中美在贸易领域的冲突。     

Growth,Trade and Factor Endowment: A Survey

This paper examines the relationship between factor endowment, human capital formation and trade in the theory of economic growth. The paper analyses the evolution of the idea that both trade and human capital play a leading role in explaining country performance and development. Economic growth, dynamic comparative advantage, international specialization and cumulative technological progress are identified as the key ingredients that explain why countries perform differently and, at the same time, why they may tend to converge towards a common benchmark.     

Trade Union Membership and the Free Rider Problem: the Role of Harassment Activities

Abstract. Although there exists an extensive literature which uses econometric techniques to examine the process of unionisation in the industrial countries, a well established theory about the individual propensity to join the union has still to be developed. We feel that the workers' personal relationships in the working places impinge on their decision to unionise. To this end, we have set out a coercion model of trade union membership without compulsory membership, based on the rank and file union members' harassment activities. Union members use these unfriendly activities to eliminate the free-rider ploblem, encouraging unionisation and reducing the cost of joining a union.     

考虑非期望产出的制造业能源生态效率地区差异研究——基于SBM和Tobit模型的两阶段分析

目前,全球制造业竞争格局正面临重构,为了提升我国制造业国际竞争力,需要进一步提高制造业能源生态效率。本文考虑生产过程中的非期望产出,将制造业废气、废水、固体废物排放量纳入产出变量,首先构建SBM模型对我国2000-2016年30个省市的制造业能源生态效率进行测算,接着对制造业能源生态效率地区差异进行深入分析,最后采用Tobit模型对全国及东中西地区制造业能源生态效率的影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示全国历年制造业能源生态效率均值为0.44,总体处于中低等发展水平,省际差异显著。制造业能源生态效率整体上呈现上升趋势,纯技术效率较低是制约制造业能源生态效率上升的主要原因。统计期内东部地区综合效率值明显高于中西部地区,但规模效率显著低于中西部地区。经济发展水平对全国及东中西部制造业能源生态效率的影响最为显著,其影响效应分别为0.079、0.123、0.172和0.104。除经济发展水平外,研发投入、能源消费结构等因素对全国及东中西部制造业能源生态效率影响程度均不相同。为了提高我国制造业整体能源生态效率,缩小空间差异,总体上应采取优化制造业产业结构、实施创新驱动战略、提升清洁能源消费比重、改善国企公司治理等,而各地区应依据综合效率分解结果及各因素影响效应采用相适用的对策。     

The Impact of Logistics Performance on Trade

This paper studies the impact of logistics performance on global bilateral trade. Taking a supply chain perspective, logistics performance refers to cost, time, and complexity in accomplishing import and export activities. We draw on a data set compiled by the World Bank containing specific quantitative metrics of logistics performance in terms of time, cost, and variability in time. Numerous researchers have shown that logistics performance is statistically significantly related to the volume of bilateral trade. Our research calibrates the impact of specific improvements in logistics performance (time, cost, and reliability) on increased trade. Our findings can spur public and private agencies that have direct or indirect influence over logistics performance to focus attention on altering the most relevant aspects of logistics performance to improve their country's ability to compete in today's global economy. Moreover, as our logistics metrics are directly related to operational performance, countries can use these metrics to target actions to improve logistics and monitor their progress.     

多方博弈情景下我国自主品牌轿车价值重构问题研究

通过构建政府、企业和消费者之间的演化博弈模型，分析了我国自主品牌轿车在价值重构过程中各方博弈主体的损益关系及其行为策略趋于渐进稳定性的条件，并运用MATLAB模拟仿真三方交互行为的演化过程。研究结果表明，影响自主品牌轿车价值重构的主要因素有政府激励、产业增值收益、企业的附加成本与机会损失等；基于三方主体间的策略互动，可考虑从实施自主品牌轿车振兴计划、汽车消费端的政府干预计划以及自主品牌轿车形象重塑计划等方面着手，重构我国自主品牌轿车价值体系。