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1.
The Interrelationship between Fosterage,Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana
This paper examines the interrelationship between fosterage, school attendance, and children’s employment in Ghana. Using
the 1991/1992 Living Standards Survey data on children aged 7–17 years and a trivariate probit model, the paper demonstrates
that ignoring the linkages between these outcomes leads to downward-biased estimates of the impact of fosterage on schooling
and upward-biased estimates of the impact of fosterage on work. Gender and age are important considerations in family decisions
regarding children’s activities. Joint decision-making is more common for girls aged 12–17 than for boys of a similar age.
A significant negative correlation is also observed between the likelihood of employment and the likelihood of school attendance
among adolescent girls. 相似文献
2.
Siblings, child labor, and schooling in Nicaragua and Guatemala 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ana C. Dammert 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(1):199-224
This paper explores empirically within-household gender and sibling differences in child labor, domestic work, and schooling
of Guatemalan and Nicaraguan children. The main results show that older boys spend more time engaged in market and domestic
work, whereas older girls spend more time in domestic work than their younger siblings. These results are independent of whether
the younger sibling is a boy or a girl, which suggests that there is no substitution within the household of younger for older
siblings in market and domestic work. This paper’s findings show the relevance of domestic work and gender differentials in
children’s allocation of time in developing countries. 相似文献
3.
Household vulnerability and child labor: the effect of shocks,credit rationing,and insurance 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper, we use a unique data set for Guatemala to estimate the effect of idiosyncratic shocks and credit constrains
on children’s labor supply and schooling decisions. We extend Rosenbaum and Rubin (J R Stat Soc B 45:212–218, 1983b) analysis to the case of a multinomial outcome by proposing an innovative sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of
the estimates with respect to the presence of unobservables. The results show that credit rationing is an important determinant
of school enrollment and children’s work. Exposure to negative shocks also strongly influences household decisions and pushes
children to work, while access to coping mechanisms, like insurance, tends to increase education and to reduce child labor. 相似文献
4.
Kevin J. A. Thomas 《Demography》2009,46(3):513-534
In this study, I examine disparities in schooling progress among children born to immigrant and U.S.-born blacks. I find that
in one- and two-parent families, children born to black immigrants are less likely to fall behind in school than those born
to U.S.-born blacks. In two-parent immigrant families, children born to two immigrant parents have a significant schooling
advantage over children born to one immigrant parent. While children born to two immigrant parents in the wealthiest black
immigrant families do better in the second generation than in the first, the reverse is observed among children in less wealthy
families. These findings contribute in two ways to our understanding of the assimilation processes of children born to black
immigrant parents. First, they show that there is a positive association between the number of immigrant parents in a family
and children’s schooling performance. Second, they suggest that disparities in the assimilation patterns of the children of
black immigrants are a likely product of the interaction between their parental characteristics and the socioeconomic circumstances
of their families. 相似文献
5.
There is an increasing support from international organizations and the research community for stepping beyond infant or child
mortality as the most common child level social indicator and progressing towards an international measure of child development.
The Early Development Instrument (EDI) is a teacher-completed measure of children’s developmental health at school entry,
which to date has been used in more than a dozen countries. The EDI includes five developmental domains (Physical Health and
Well-being, Social Competence, Emotional Maturity, Language and Cognitive Development and Communication Skills and General
Knowledge) and 16 subdomains. This paper examines the EDI’s psychometric properties in four English-speaking countries (Canada,
Australia, United States and Jamaica) by evaluating both the internal consistency and factor structures, as well as exploring
the association between the EDI’s Language and Cognitive Development Domain and a direct assessment of children’s receptive
vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, PPVT). Overall, the factor loadings and internal consistencies of domains and
subdomains were similar across the countries. The comparisons of the Language and Cognitive Development Domain with the PPVT
showed high specificity and low sensitivity. The results of this paper indicate that the EDI, a measure of children’s developmental
status at school entry, demonstrates similar psychometric properties in a number of countries, thus building the evidence
for the instrument to be added to the limited array of internationally comparable child social indicators. 相似文献
6.
A Sociodemographic Risk Index 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
In this paper, we conceptualize and develop an index of sociodemographic risk that we hypothesize will be an improvement over
the standard poverty measure as a measure of risk for children’s development. The poverty line is widely used in government
statistics and in research but is also widely acknowledged to have multiple shortcomings. Using recent data from the National
Survey of America’s Families, we develop and examine a Sociodemographic Risk Index for two potential purposes: (a) to serve
as a summary indicator of children’s environments that affect their well-being, and (b) to serve as a variable that can be
used to identify at-risk subgroups of children whose well-being should be examined separately in indicator reports. Based
on substantial research on children’s development, we chose five variables for the index: family income, family structure,
parent education, family size, and home ownership. An additive sociodemographic risk index using these variables is strongly
associated with multiple measures of child well-being in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Hence, it serves as a good
marker of risk for children and therefore as an indicator that could be monitored over time, across groups, and across places,
as well as a variable that could be used to identify subgroups of at-risk children whose well-being should be monitored. However,
analyses do not indicate that it performs better at identifying at-risk children than the current poverty measure. Therefore,
we recommend the Sociodemographic Risk Index primarily as an additional summary indicator to be monitored, rather than as
a replacement for the poverty measure. 相似文献
7.
Self-Reported Fears as Indicators of Young Children’s Well-Being in Societal Change: A Cross-Cultural Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Merle Taimalu Anja Riitta Lahikainen Piia Korhonen Inger Kraav 《Social indicators research》2007,80(1):51-78
Our main interest in this paper is in studying children’s well-being by using children themselves as informants and fear as
an indicator of insecurity from cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. More specifically our paper documents the changes
in the content and prevalence of children’s fears in two neighboring countries, Finland and Estonia, during the last decade.
The study was carried out in 1993 and replicated in 2002/2003 in both countries with the random samples of total number of
420 five to six-year-old children (in Estonia 115 in 1993 and 91 in 2002; in Finland 105 and 109, respectively). For both
countries the decade in question was a period of social, political and economic transition including post-socialist transformation
in Estonia. Especially informationalization and globalization had a profound impact on the everyday life of parents and children.
The increase of insecurity among children in both countries was expected. Children’s fears were investigated by means of an
individual semi-structured and picture-aided interview. The most important findings are: the prevalence of children’s self-reported
fears has generally increased during the ten years, especially among the Estonian children. The most significant increase
was observed in both countries in fears of imagination-related things including television-related fears, fears of imagined
creatures and of nightmares parallel to children’s increased media-exposure in daily life. Despite the increase of␣general
welfare in both countries our results suggest the opposite tendency among young children; decrease of safety and increase
of insecurity. The level of children’s insecurity was higher in Estonian than in Finland at both times. It is noteworthy that
some fears of young children are ‚universal’ (fear of getting lost, fear of darkness, fear of being alone), while some fears
are more context dependent (television-induced fears, fear of strange people). Young children proved to be competent informants
of their condition and well able to provide essential and invaluable information about their problems and well-being.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
8.
Family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s achievement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s reading and mathematics achievement
using data from the 2000–2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. To describe inequality in achievement scores, we
used Gini coefficients and concentration indices and multilevel regression models. We found no inequality in children’s achievement
by family income when other variables in the model were held constant. Mother’s reading scores and average neighborhood levels
of income accounted for the largest proportion of inequality in children’s achievement. Neighborhood economic status appears
to be strongly associated with children’s skills acquisition. 相似文献
9.
Researchers have long been interested in the influence of family size on children??s educational outcomes. Simply put, theories have suggested that resources are diluted within families that have more children. Although the empirical literature on developed countries has generally confirmed the theoretical prediction that family size is negatively related to children??s education, studies focusing on developing societies have reported heterogeneity in this association. Recent studies addressing the endogeneity between family size and children??s education have also cast doubt on the homogeneity of the negative role of family size on children??s education. The goal of this study is to examine the causal effect of family size on children??s education in Brazil over a 30-year period marked by important social and demographic change, and across extremely different regions within the country. We implement a twin birth instrumental variable approach to the nationally representative 1977?C2009 PNAD data. Our results suggest an effect of family size on education that is not uniform throughout a period of significant social, economic, and demographic change. Rather, the causal effect of family size on adolescents?? schooling resembles a gradient that ranges from positive to no effect, trending to negative. 相似文献
10.
Educational attainment is a key factor for understanding why some individuals migrate and others do not. Compulsory schooling laws, which determine an individual’s minimum level of education, can potentially affect migration. We test whether and how increasing the length of compulsory schooling influences migration of affected cohorts across European countries, a context where labor mobility is essentially free. We construct a novel database that includes information for 31 European countries on compulsory education reforms passed between 1950 and 1990. Combining this data with information on recent migration flows by cohorts, we find that an additional year of compulsory education reduces the number of individuals from affected cohorts who migrate in a given year by 9 %. Our results rely on the exogeneity of compulsory schooling laws. A variety of empirical tests indicate that European legislators did not pass compulsory education reforms as a reaction to changes in emigration rates or educational attainment. 相似文献
11.
Ranjan Ray 《Journal of population economics》2000,13(1):3-19
This paper analyses child labour participation and its key determinants using data sets from Peru and Pakistan. The results
include tests of the ‘Luxury’ and ‘Substitution’ hypotheses that play key roles in recent studies on child labour and child
schooling. The results reject both hypotheses in the context of child labour in Pakistan and suggest that income and related
variables do not have the expected negative effect on children's work input. Rising wages of adult female labour in Pakistan,
and falling adult male wage in Peru lead to increased participation of children in the labour market. The results on the combined
country data formally establish the presence of strong individual country effects in the estimated regressions. For example,
ceteris paribus, a Peruvian child is more likely to experience schooling than a Pakistani child. However, both countries agree on the positive
role that adult female education and infrastructure investment in basic amenities can play in discouraging child labour and
encouraging child schooling.
Received: 24 August 1998/Accepted: 10 March 1999 相似文献
12.
This study examines the link between divorced nonresident fathers’ proximity and children’s long-run outcomes, using high-quality
data from Norwegian population registers. We follow (from birth to young adulthood) each of 15,992 children born into married
households in Norway in the years 1975–1979 whose parents divorced during his or her childhood. We observe the proximity of
the child to his or her father in each year following the divorce and link proximity to educational and economic outcomes
for the child in young adulthood, controlling for a wide range of observable characteristics of the parents and the child.
Our results show that closer proximity to the father following a divorce has, on average, a modest negative association with
offspring’s outcomes in young adulthood. The negative associations are stronger among children of highly educated fathers.
Complementary Norwegian survey data show that highly educated fathers report more post-divorce conflict with their ex-wives
as well as more contact with their children (measured in terms of the number of nights that the child spends at the father’s
house). Consequently, the father’s relocation to a more distant location following the divorce may shelter the child from
disruptions in the structure of the child’s life as they split time between households and/or from post-divorce interparental
conflict. 相似文献
13.
Birth order matters: the effect of family size and birth order on educational attainment 总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1
Using the British Household Panel Survey, we investigate if family size and birth order affect children’s subsequent educational
attainment. Theory suggests a trade-off between child quantity and “quality” and that siblings are unlikely to receive equal
shares of parental resources devoted to children’s education. We construct a new birth order index that effectively purges
family size from birth order and use this to test if siblings are assigned equal shares in the family’s educational resources.
We find that the shares are decreasing with birth order. Ceteris paribus, children from larger families have less education,
and the family size effect does not vanish when we control for birth order. These findings are robust to numerous specification
checks.
相似文献
Hiau Joo KeeEmail: |
14.
Sascha O. Becker Samuel Bentolila Ana Fernandes Andrea Ichino 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(3):1047-1071
We test whether job insecurity of parents and children affect children’s moving-out decisions. Macroeconomic estimates for
13 European countries over 1983–2004 show that coresidence increases by 1.7 percentage points (PP) following a 10 PP rise
in the share of youths perceiving their job to be insecure and declines by 1.1 PP following the same increment in insecurity
for older workers. Microeconometric evidence for Italy in the mid-1990s shows that the probability of moving out increases
by about half a percentage point for a one-standard-deviation increase in paternal insecurity and by one-third of a percentage
point for a one-standard-deviation decrease in children’s insecurity. 相似文献
15.
The existing literature has documented a negative association between farm dependence and population change in Western countries.
Theories have also been proposed to explain such a negative association. Whether prior findings based on the western social
context can be generalized to less developed countries, such as China, has largely eluded researchers. Using five waves of
Chinese Census data and data from China’s Statistical Yearbooks, I investigate the dynamics between farm dependence and population change, particularly, in counties of Chinese provinces
that are highly dependent on farms. I find that after controlling for mechanization, nonfarm industries and the human ecological
factors that are rooted in the theoretical explanations of rural population change, high farm dependence does not necessarily
lead to a lower population growth. The results imply that the existing theories on farm dependence and population change may
need to be modified when being applied to less developed regions. The regional variation approach is proposed to understand
population change in high-farm-dependent areas of China. 相似文献
16.
Family size and children’s education in Vietnam 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Data from the nationally representative 1994 Inter-Censal Demographic Survey are used to examine the association between family size and children s schooling in Vietnam. The data provide information on several education measures for all children over age 10, including children no longer residing in the household. Although a clear inverse bivariate association between family size and children s school attendance and educational attainment is evident, multivariate analysis controlling for urban/rural residence, region, parents’ education, household wealth, and child’s age, reveals that much of this association, especially that predicting educational attainment, is attributable to these other influences. Moreover, much of the effect that remains after statistical adjustment for the other influences is seen mainly at the largest family sizes. We consider the implications of these findings for current population policy in Vietnam and the possible features of the Vietnamese context that might account for the modest association. 相似文献
17.
‘Wellbeing’ is a key concept in the study of children’s lives over time, given its potential to link the objective, subjective,
and inter-subjective dimensions of their experiences in ways that are holistic, contextualized and longitudinal. For this
reason wellbeing is one of the core concepts used by Young Lives, a 15-year project (2000–2015) that follows the lives of
12,000 children growing up in the context of poverty in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and Andhra Pradesh (India) (see ). This paper examines a selection of methods being used by Young Lives to capture aspects of child wellbeing in the context
of a range of children’s life experiences related to poverty, specific risks and protective processes. It draws on a review
of the literature on child-focused methods and on recent experiences piloting three core qualitative methods in the four study
countries. The paper reports the development of a methodology that is child-centred, but also acknowledges that every child
is embedded within a network of social and economic relationships.
相似文献
Gina CrivelloEmail: |
18.
Harriet B. Presser Megan L. Klein Hattori Sangeeta Parashar Sara Raley Zhihong Sa 《Journal of Population Research》2006,23(2):135-163
This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context
that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods.
We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment,
the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China,
India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations
in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these
countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence
of religion and of women’s groups in these countries. 相似文献
19.
We document the impact of the AIDS crisis on non-AIDS-related health services in 14 sub-Saharan African countries. Using multiple
waves of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for each country, we examine antenatal care, birth deliveries, and rates of
immunization for children born between 1988 and 2005. We find deterioration in nearly all these dimensions of health care
over this period. The most recent DHS survey for each country collected data on HIV prevalence, which allows us to examine
the association between HIV burden and health care. We find that erosion of health services is the largest in regions that
have developed the highest rates of HIV. Regions of countries that have light AIDS burdens have witnessed small or no declines
in health care, using the measures noted above, while those regions shouldering the heaviest burdens have seen the largest
erosion in non-HIV-related health services for pregnant women and children. Using semiparametric techniques, we can date the
beginning of the divergence in the use of antenatal care and in children’s immunizations between high- and low-HIV regions
to the mid-1990s. 相似文献
20.
This paper uses household level data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India, the 55th round (1999–2000),
to show that for urban male children there exists significant wage incentive for schooling, though school dropout rate and
child labour incidence are not so small. The parents’ level of education plays an important role in reducing this tendency;
thus establishing the linkage between social and human capital outcomes in the family. We also look at the incidence of harmful
and manual occupations among the child labour. Mother’s education now appears as a very important factor in curbing these
incidences; supporting earlier findings that women’s empowerment (one important indicator of which would be female educational
level) is indeed instrumental in increasing parental awareness. 相似文献