《文苑英华》编者的乐府观

《文苑英华》所收录之20卷“乐府”与20卷“歌行”的实况,充分反映了李防、宋白等人乐府认识观的三个方面：一是注重对乐府诗的编录与整理;二是认为“歌行”即新题乐府;三是既注重唐人的古乐府,更注重唐人的新乐府。这些认识,对于周紫芝《竹坡诗话》于“本朝乐府”的评价、郭茂倩《乐府诗集》于“新乐府辞”的收录等,均产生了不同程度之影响。     

《乐府诗集》中的“张王乐府”研究

张籍、王建的乐府歌诗创作在现行文学史中多被归为"新乐府"阵营,然而其在中唐闻名的原因却是其中蕴涵的"古义"."张王乐府"的艺术特质正在于其继承了汉乐府"感于哀乐,缘事而发"、"论功颂德,刺过讥失"的传统,在旧题之下用通俗浅白的语言生动细腻地刻画现实生活.重新唤醒了乐府诗的本质状态,并将这种"古义"贯彻到新题作品的创作中."张王乐府"是新、旧乐府渐变过程中具有承接作用的关键一环,是乐府作为一种古诗体最后一次散发出生命色彩.     

高适《燕歌行》的互文性分析

高适<燕歌行>由于在主题、意象、措辞等方面沿袭了先在诗歌文本的经验和惯例,有论者便断言其为"模仿之作".因此,对<燕歌行>作"互文性"分析,不仅可以厘清该文本继承与创新的关系,还能对其审美意义及其生成过程有进一步认识.从"互文性"视角考察,首先,在古题乐府<燕歌行>的文本网链上,唐代诗作的主题类型整体上由"闺怨"转向"征战".高诗在转向的同时,以一定的篇幅呼应了此前该古题所充分展开的风格情调,在复与变的平衡中实现了审美意蕴的动态生成.其次,高适<燕歌行>吸收了军旅诗的传统主题,同时又赋予诗歌严峻的现实批判和深沉的人性关怀,为军旅诗增添了新的思想内涵.最后,高适<燕歌行>整合了来自原古题乐府、传统战争诗的主题情调以及诗人对现实边塞战争的感受思考等多种元素,建构起一个完整统一的文本结构,融汇了丰富而复杂的思想与情感,具有深厚的艺术感染力.     

魏晋六朝同题拟乐府诗特征浅探

魏晋六朝时期的拟乐府诗创作,在具体时段内又各自不同。曹魏时期的拟乐府创作,可概括出以下两方面特征:一是拟乐府诗的抒情性因素不断增强,二是出现了乐府徒诗。晋宋时期拟乐府诗的特征:一是西晋多故事乐府。二是除模拟汉乐府外,亦兼酌前代乐府名家的艺术成果。三是虽然模拟之法过当,但又时有开拓性、创新性表现。齐梁陈时期,一是诗坛上新声艳体流行,二是新作的题名取自汉乐府旧题,三是对吴声、西曲民歌的仿制。总之,同题拟乐府诗在魏晋六朝不同时段所呈现的不同特征,既有当时社会风气使然的因素,也有作家出身不同、性格各异等因素,同时也是诗歌发展规律的反映。     

白居易元稹对杜甫理解的差异

白居易和元稹在理解杜甫时存在审视标准上的差异.白居易注重杜甫的现实主义精神和乐府传统,由此推崇杜诗的价值、意义,而忽视其艺术性;元稹注重杜诗新题乐府的新变形式即题与义之间的关系,及其艺术的多样性、丰富性,但不甚注重杜诗的价值追求.     

明代的拟古乐府创作及其褒贬之争

受元末文学复古思潮与明代复古诗派等多面影响而催生的＂拟古乐府派＂,以及其大量的拟古乐府创作,成为了唐后乐府诗史上的一座高标。其中,以李东阳101首《拟古乐府》最具代表性。＂拟古乐府派＂以拟古乐府为旨归,主张＂力去陈俗＂,于乐府诗的创作中求变求新,并为＂咏史乐府＂开创了一条新的路途。但由于这一诗人群体的拟古乐府存在着＂太涉议论＂等弊端,因而也使其艺术质量受到了程度不同的影响。艺术性逊色于思想性,即为明代拟古乐府的历史真实。     

论温庭筠的咏史乐府——兼论中晚唐诗人革新乐府诗的努力

温庭筠的咏史乐府多取材于前代昏君逸乐亡国和荒淫绮艳之事,通过描绘声色并茂的画面抒写兴亡感慨,这既是晚唐诗坛的时代潮流,也体现了温庭筠取法南朝乐府传统革新乐府的努力:既在题材艺术表现上进行调整以为其和乐歌唱作准备,也在题材、体式、语言诸方面借鉴南朝乐府。作为乐府诗的终结者和词的开拓者,温庭筠正是通过对南朝乐府的回归成就了乐府诗最后的辉煌。     

文人拟作与民间创作的合与分——略论李白对乐府发展的贡献

从乐府文学的发展路线入手,指出乐府的发展是按照文人拟作与民间创作两条路线进行的.作为乐府大家的李白横跨了这两条主线,使文人拟作与民间创作完全合流,从而达到乐府创作的顶峰.     

阿阁宫闱背景下的情话——《古诗论》系列论文其一

传统文学史认为,以古诗十九首为代表的古诗以及《上山采蘼芜》、《陌上桑》等乐府民歌皆出自两汉时期.但通过考查《古歌》中的金殿、主人、弹棋等词语和《上山采蘼芜》之“从閤去”、“长跪”等词语,《古八变歌》“章华台”即为曹魏“建章台”铜雀台以及《凛凛岁云暮》之“重闱”等,可以得知,这些失去作者姓名的“古诗”,其产生背景并非民间,也非下层文人,而是宫廷背景之下的产物,这几篇诗作的作者应是甄后.     

权力与心态:“元感上书”与长安三年经学派系分立考论

经学史上所谓"变古"实发端于武周时期。唐代前期完成经学总结后,经学继而走向僵化。武周代唐产生的政治变革和创新激励带来了经学革新的契机,于是有王元感和刘知幾等人掀起经学变古思潮,从而开辟宋代经学变古道路。长安三年可谓经学发展分水岭,唐代的经学一统变为派系分立。此年发生"元感上书"事件,标志着唐代经学由此显现为变古派和泥古派两大基本派系。两派的经学立场与其政治偏向和心态有密切关系。王元感负气上书,引发论战,变古派受益于武周政局,获得革新经学契机而偏向于亲武;泥古派心态微妙,寄望还政李唐,偏向于亲李而恪守经学传统。武则天出于政治利益考量和心理偏好,支持变古派。变古派得以在国家政治生活中崭露头角。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.