图书漂流爱它就放了它

图书漂流是书籍在素不相识的人之间传递阅览的过程.这一活动始于上世纪60年代的欧洲.书友将自己不再阅读的书贴上特定的标签附上字条,投放在公园长椅、咖啡馆桌子、博物馆走廊、图书馆楼梯等公共场所,期待着有人拾起它共享阅读的欢愉,并继续传递它.拾取的人阅读之后,根据标签和字条提示,再以相同的方式将该书投放到公共环境中去.     

LET CHINA STAY AWAY FROM NARCOTIC DRUGS

TO most ordinary Chinese people, July 30, 1997 was nothing unusual. But to mothers of drug addicts, it was an extraordinary day because a hotline for mothers to fight drug addiction, initiated by the China Women's News, was officially launched, bringing an end to the mothers' solitary efforts to help their children. The telephone number, known as the Hotline for Mothers to Fight Drug Addiction, aims to provide mothers who are trying to save their children an opportunity to share their bitterness,     

HARM overview and its application: some practical examples

The Hand Arm Risk Assessment Method (HARM 1.0) has been developed for occupational health officers to perform risk assessments of developing arm, neck or shoulder pain during hand arm tasks. The tool can also help in finding solutions for risk reduction and estimating their effect on the risk level. In this paper the status of affairs and the practical application of HARM is described. The usage of HARM is explained and illustrated with the risk assessment of a specific hand arm task. In addition, the experiences with the application of HARM by a stone factory in The Netherlands are described.     

HOW NOT TO DO SCIENCE

Douglas Marshall's critique of Donald Black states the essential issues with Black's "theory." This article is concerned with the philosophy of science background to the issues with Black's claims, and presents the core issues as they have been normally and historically understood. These include the following: that the theory is literally false, and is not defensible as an approximation; that the magnitudes to which his "geometry" refers are not magnitudes according to standard measurement theory: that the form of the theory precludes testing by correlational evidence. Moreover, the phenomena are better accounted for by cognitive rather than "pure" sociological explainers.     

中小企业人才消费的"小本经营"

在通胀压力下,建立经济实用的人才消费机制,立足"小本经营",科学配置人力资源,以降低人力成本,是中小企业面临的实际问题. 招聘人才--实用为要 有的中小企业打肿脸充胖子,在招聘人才时动辄打出"非硕士、博士不聘"的广告,把好多经济实用的人才拒之门外.这样做既浪费了人才,又增加了企业人力成本.须知聘用一个博士生与聘用一个专科生相比,一年的薪水开销就要多出好几万.而且有的博士生也是"银样鑞枪头",中看不中用.     

DO DRAGONS HAVE BETTER FATE?

Traditionally, belief in the Chinese zodiac promotes the superstition that the timing of one's birth determines one's fate. Adherence to this belief has resulted in increased birth rates during Dragon years and, hence, problems in the logistics of providing certain public goods and services (such as schools and medical services) by governments. Despite the possible economic impacts of this superstition on society, no previous study has attempted to test its validity. Using the 1991 and 1996 Hong Kong census data sets, as well as the standard return-to-education methodology, we do not find any evidence for this pervasive superstition. (JEL J13 , J18 , Z12 )     

WHAT DO OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS MEASURE?

Open-ended questions are frequently used by survey researchersto measure public opinion. Some scholars, however, have doubtsabout how accurately these kinds of questions measure the viewsof the public. A chief concern is that the questions tap, inpart, people's ability to articulate a response, not their underlyingattitudes. This paper tests whether this concern is warranted.Using open-ended questions from the Center for Political Studies,I show that almost all people respond to open-ended questions.The few individuals who do not respond appear uninterested inthe specific question posed, not unable to answer such questionsin general. These findings should increase our confidence inwork of scholars who have relied on open-ended questions.     

DO UNIONIZED FIRMS HIRE BETTER WORKERS?

It is a strong prior among many economists that unionized firms hire better-quality workers to offset higher union wages. In fact, standard economic theory does not support this prior. The key insights introduced by this paper are that, first, unions will likely raise future wages to reflect improvements in worker quality and, second, that unionized firms, anticipating this, often do better by hiring lower-quality workers. This surprising result has empirical support.     

DO CIGARETTE EXCISE TAX RATES MAXIMIZE REVENUE?

Buchanan and Lee [1982] suggest that politicians choose tax rates on the positively sloped segment of the short-run rate-revenue curve but the negatively sloped segment of the long-run curve. This paper uses recent estimates of the slope of the cigarette demand curve by Becker, Grossman and Murphy [1994] to test the hypothesis. Becker, Grossman and Murphy's parameter estimates combined with state-by-state data on key variables yields strong evidence against the hypothesis and instead suggests that marginal revenues from cigarette excise taxes are positive in every state.     

FINANCIAL MARKET VARIABLES DO NOT PREDICT REAL ACTIVITY

The past decade has seen an extensive empirical reassessment of the information content of financial market variables sensitive to monetary policy. Particularly provocative are recent papers suggesting that some interest rates and interest rate spreads contain more information about economic activity than monetary aggregates. This paper reviews important methodological pitfalls in these studies. We then show that none of the commonly employed measures of monetary policy contain incremental information useful in forecasting real economic activity. Two conclusions are possible. Either monetary policy innovations have no significant real effects, or we (collectively) have failed in our efforts to measure monetary policy. ( JEL E52)     

DO RACE AND ETHNICITY MATTER AMONG FRIENDS?

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (or Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 1994–1995, we examine if and how friendship activities differ among interracial, interethnic, and interethnic friendships of white, black, Hispanic, and Asian youths. We find that best friends are more likely than higher-order friends to be from the same ethnic group and that best friends report more shared activities during the past week than do their higher-order friendship counterparts. Hence, we argue that shared activities is a useful indicator of friendship intimacy. In general, interracial friends report fewer shared activities than do intraracial friends, although this difference is strongest for white respondents. Moreover, we find that white, Asian, and Hispanic youths all report fewer activities with their black friends. We find little difference in friendship activities between interethnic and intraethnic friendships. Our findings suggest that, even when youths manage to break racial boundaries in friendship selection, these friendships face greater challenges than do those between individuals of the same race.     

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DO CAPITAL ADEQUACY REQUIREMENTS MATTER FOR MONETARY POLICY?

Central bankers and financial supervisors can have conflicting goals. While monetary policymakers work to ensure sufficient lending activities as a foundation for high and stable economic growth, supervisors may limit banks’ lending capacities in order to prevent excessive risk taking. We show that, in theory, central bankers can avoid this potential conflict by adopting an interest rate strategy that takes accounts of capital adequacy requirements. Empirical evidence suggests that while policymakers at the Federal Reserve have adjusted their interest rate to neutralizing the procyclical impact of bank capital requirements, those in Germany and Japan have not. (JEL E52, E58, G21)