中小企业联合担保贷款的计算实验金融分析

中小企业在为国民经济做出越来越大贡献的过程中,却一直面临着信贷难问题．从政府角度出发,采用基于计算实验金融的多 Agent 仿真技术构建了违约成本——社会信用环境模型和选择策略概率模型,分析了联合担保中的企业数量规模以及信用环境对银行—中小企业信贷行为的影响．发现数量规模和信用环境对于信贷行为的影响机制,进而提出了相应的政策建议,以期能为政府解决中小企业融资难问题提供决策参考．     

核心企业回购担保下的保兑仓融资决策

作为一种供应链融资模式,保兑仓是解决中小企业融资难问题的重要方案,其借助核心企业的信用,提升了中小企业的信用状况,使得中小企业更容易获得银行的资金支持。然而,随着市场状况的恶化,很多中小企业倒闭,核心企业承担大额银行贷款的连带赔偿责任。本文研究由单一的零售商（中小企业）和制造商（核心企业）组成的供应链中,考虑零售商的破产概率,由银行控制货权,供应商对剩余产品进行一定比例的回购,零售商以银行提供的承兑汇票作为结算工具进行融资的情况下,分析了零售商的最优订货量、供应商的最优回购率和银行的最优贷款利率的决策。并通过算例得出回购率的提高能鼓励零售商订货,提高供应链的利润。但是,回购率对银行利润的变动很大程度上受零售商破产概率影响。较高的回购率刺激信用良好的零售商提高订货量会增加银行的利润,对信用较差的零售商来说,订货量的提高会使银行遭受损失的可能性提高,期望利润反而降低。所以,银行在提供保兑仓融资时,不仅要关注中小企业和核心企业的信贷偿还能力,还要加强贷款资金的监管,关注保兑仓融资的风险。     

基于供应链模式下的中小企业融资模式的创新研究

由于我国中小企业传统融资模式中,主要融资渠道严重不通,间接渠道受限制,内源融资匮乏,供应链融资模式应运而生。供应链融资突破了传统的信贷模式,它将供应链整体效率和状况作为信用评估内容,担保以流动资产为主的动产物权,解决了中小企业担保不足的问题;而其封闭性、自偿性特点也有助于银行进行风险控制。     

违约风险下的信贷决策模型与机制

研究了违约风险下的信贷决策模型与机制,通过以银行个体合理性和激励相容性作为约束条件,建立了在考虑违约风险和项目成功概率条件下的信贷决策模型,分别给出了基于抵质押贷款和信用贷款策略下的信贷决策机制,探讨了信贷配给机制与无配给机制的设计方法,给出了在信贷出现配给时银行发放信用贷款和有抵质押贷款的条件.最后运用实例详细分析并讨论了不同违约概率条件下企业项目成功概率对银行期望收益的影响,得到了银行相应的贷款临界值和在不同项目成功概率条件下银行最大可接受的违约概率.     

中小企业集群融资途径探索

在中小企业集群融资体系中，集群内的单个中小企业作为融资主体，将各自的信用资源重新整合，提高整体信贷信用，使群内企业提高自身抗风险能力     

企业资产规模、信贷市场结构与中小企业融资

对企业可抵押资产规模、信贷市场类型与中小企业融资的关系问题进行了研究.在道德风险框架下,考虑到企业可抵押资产规模,针对垄断性和竞争性借贷市场分别构建了相应的抵押贷款模型,并刻画了最优合约的特征.结果表明,银行收益不仅受信息结构的影响,同时还受到企业可抵押资产规模与信贷市场结构的制约.进一步地,在垄断性借贷市场中,可抵押资产存在一个临界阈值,低于该阈值的企业将面临信贷配给.而在竞争性借贷市场,银行会降低对于企业的抵押品要求,从而使中小企业融资难问题得到缓解.最后,对于当前中小企业融资难问题提供了理论解释和启示.     

基于风险环境的企业多层交叉信用评分模型与应用

研究基于风险环境的企多层交叉信用评分模型与信用评级方法,解决同一地区具有多个地域、多个行业和多个企业的企业、行业和地域等具有二级或以上层级结构的企业、行业和地域信用评级问题.定义了地域信用形象,针对同一地域同一行业、不同地域同一行业、同一地域不同行业和不同地域不同行业等4种不同的企业层级结构,分别建立了企业信用评分模型、行业信用评分模型和地域信用评分模型,用以对企业、行业和地域进行信用评级.以某一地区某一行业的集团公司进行项目贷款申请为例,假定该公司同时在"好"、"中"和"差"3个不同的经济发展区域分别建立3个子公司,并分别计算了该公司及其3个子公司在不同地域信用环境影响下的信用评分值,然后综合计算了在不同地域同一行业下的具有多层级结构的公司多级信用评分值,给出公司相应的信用评级结果和银行相应的信贷策略.最后还给出了集团公司具有贷款申请资格的数值条件.该方法对集团公司的信用评级方法以及银行对集团公司的信贷策略及相应决策具有科学参考依据.     

供应链金融模式下的信用风险评价

以往银行对中小企业信用风险评价主要是把单个企业作为主体,关注企业的财务数据,而在供应链金融融资模式中,对中小企业风险的认识和评价则换了一个新的视角.本文研究了在供应链金融模式下的信用风险评价,提出了考虑主体评级和债项评级的信用风险评价体系,用主成分分析法和Logistic回归方法建立信用风险评价模型,减少目前对供应链金融业务评价大多依靠专家评价的局限,并通过比较供应链金融融资模式和传统银行授信模式下的中小企业守约概率的不同,揭示了供应链金融在一定程度上缓解了中小企业的融资困境,并提出应加强对客户基础数据库的建设,从而有利于对现有信用评价体系的修正和完善,提高其准确性.     

我国消费信贷博弈模型分析

消费信贷作为消费信用形式之一,是市场经济条件下利用信贷手段促进消费品购销的重要方式.但在我国,消费信贷事业尚处起步阶段,由于市场机制不完善,信用程度不高,致使银行和消费者在消费信贷时面临较大的风险.借贷任一方的行为决策都要考虑对方未来行为的各种可能性及后果而作出选择,而这种决策又依赖于双方所掌握的信息.为此,利用博弈理论,根据信息是否对称,分析完全且完美信息和完全但不完美信息两种情况的信贷行为.     

目前我国中小企业信贷现状

目前我国民营中小企业迅速崛起．迫切需要信贷资本支持．而国有银行信贷政策也对中小企业进行关注．但是中小企业信贷存在一定观实难度。本文分析了目前国内银行中小企业信贷现状,以及国有银行已经采取的积极应对措施。     

Firm-bank trusting relationship and discouraged borrowers

Firms can be credit constrained both because banks deny credit when they apply for it and because they refrain from filing for the loan in the first place, anticipating rejection. Interestingly the latter aspect has been only marginally investigated, so far and, no previous research pays attention to firm manager’s trust in the loan manager as a factor that can affect firm’s decision to file for a loan. Present research investigates the role of the trust of firm’s managers in the loan managers as a determinant of not being discouraged from applying for a loan by looking at a strictly randomly selected sample of firms in China. By relying on a structural equation model that investigates both the direct and the mediating role of trust we find that the firm manager’s trust in the loan manager affects the firm’s decision to file for a loan by reducing the firm’s risk of being a discouraged borrower. We also discover that trust mediates the role of the firm manager’s experience and the monitoring activity pursued by the bank.     

DO WOMEN PAY MORE FOR CREDIT? EVIDENCE FROM ITALY

By using a unique and large data set on loan contracts between banks and microfirms, we find robust evidence that women in Italy pay more for credit than men, although we do not find any evidence that women borrowers are riskier than men. The male/female differential remains even after controlling for a large number of characteristics of the type of business, the borrower, and the structure of the credit market. The result is not driven by lack of credit history, nor by women using a different type of bank than men, since the same bank charges different rates to male and female borrowers.     

Bank Loan Officers' Perceptions of Business Owners: The Role of Gender

There is a widely held belief that banks may be discriminating against female business owners. This study was designed to explore the perceptions held by bank loan officers of male and female business owners, using Bourdieu's theory of practice and Kelly's personal construct methodology. The research literature might lead to an expectation that the characteristics of the business owners would be relatively homogenous but that men and women business owners would be construed differently (for example women might be seen to lack drive). However, the results demonstrate heterogeneity in the constructs held by bank loan officers, and a particular concern with the character of the business owner. Significant gender differences were observed in only 20 of the 325 constructs elicited from 35 bank loan officers. Female bank loan officers were as likely as male bank loan officers to draw gender distinctions between business owners. Detailed multivariate analyses confirmed no evidence of systematic gender differences in the constructs held by bank loan officers of business owners.     

外资银行的进入对我国信贷市场贷款价格的影响

本文从中资银行和外资银行分别具有信息优势和融资成本优势的基本假设出发,建立了不对称信息下的银行信贷市场竞争模型,从贷款价格的角度来研究外资银行通过绿地投资和兼并收购两种方式进入对我国信贷市场的影响,且在并购方式中将并购对象按规模分为了本地大银行和小银行。结果表明,外资银行通过兼并收购本地大银行方式进入对贷款价格的降低效果不大,而通过兼并收购小银行方式进入能够全面降低本地银行的贷款价格,在处于竞争劣势地位的本地大银行的老客户市场通过绿地投资模式进入可以大幅度的降低贷款价格。     

The current practice of bank long-range planning

This paper reports on a recent survey of long-range planning practices in 105 large United States banks. The survey results indicate that long range planning is a relatively new corporate activity with more than half the respondents initiating long range planning the last 5 years. To the extent these banks lead others, this finding suggests greater adoption of long range planning systems in small and medium size banks in the future. Profitability and growth goals are the primary goals quantified in the planning process. These goals are pursued via various strategies. Profit goals are typically pursued by improving pricing policies, adjusting mix and maturity of assets and liabilities to minimize adverse effects of interest rate fluctuations, managing spreads through proper loan pricing and bond portfolio management and tightening cost control with a particular emphasis on non-interest expense. Growth goals are achieved by branch expansion, use of bank holding companies, and increased market penetration through product diversification and sales training programmes designed to develop new business. In addition, information is presented on trends that appear to be developing in the area of long-range planning in the banking industry.     

长期资产减值信息有用性的实证检验——来自银行借款契约角度

本文实证检验了长期资产减值信息在企业与银行借款契约中的作用.研究发现,长期资产减值反映了企业未来盈利的预期,长期资产减值越多的企业未来业绩越差;长期资产减值信息为银行所接受,长期资产减值越参的企业获得的银行借款总量越少;且银行更倾向用短期借款代替长期借款,以降低风险;所有权性质、地区性质对长期资产减值信息的有用性存在影响,民营企业、东部地区企业长期资产减值信息的有用性更强;借款契约期限的差异、减值信息质量的差异也会影响长期资产减值信息的有用性.     

宏观压力测试下商业银行零售信贷产品PD模型预测研究

通过将宏观经济指标与商业银行零售信贷产品住房按揭PD构建宏观变量预测模型，得到预测显著的GDP、CPI、HPI等三个宏观经济指标，再观察其不同滞后阶数组合VAR模型的AICC值，最终选取宏观经济因子高阶项构建回归方程和进行压力测试。研究结果发现：从施压时点开始，不同压力情景下PD均开始缓慢增长趋势，其中重度情景下PD增幅最大。说明使用宏观经济因子的阶乘能更好捕捉上述特征，PD预测模型能准确描述风险传导过程，此举可有效帮助商业银行加强零售信贷领域风险管理。     

企业集团代理人风险态度、道德风险与信用风险传递

由于企业集团的关联企业众多,股权结构复杂,导致银企信息更加不对称,银行对企业集团贷款资金的监管更加困难,企业集团也更有机会产生不按照贷款合约使用贷款资金的道德风险,从而增大了银行的信用风险.针对此问题,首先分析了企业集团代理人转移银行贷款资金的动机,以及企业集团子公司之间信用风险的传递过程;其次,基于代理人效用最大化原理,分析委托代理合约、代理人风险态度,以及代理人转移贷款资金的道德风险对企业集团子公司信用风险的影响;最后,建立了度量企业集团子公司信用风险的违约概率模型.研究表明,代理人的风险态度、委托代理合约的状态都会影响企业集团子公司的违约概率.     

市场化进程、产权配置与上市公司资产剥离业绩——基于同属管辖交易视角的研究

本文以2004-2005年沪深A股上市公司资产剥离事件为研究对象,基于同属管辖交易的独特视角,从市场化进程差异、资产剥离同属管辖交易以及企业产权配置三个方面探讨对上市公司资产剥离业绩改进的影响.研究发现,市场化程度越高、地方政府干预越少,上市公司资产剥离后的业绩越好.但是,如果资产剥离交易双方同属地方政府管辖,则对上市公司的业绩具有显著的负面影响.进一步的研究发现,地方政府控制的产权生质对上市公司资产剥离后业绩改进产生负面影响,非政府控制的产权性质则有显著的正面促进作用.     

Hazardous Times for Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty‐Three Million Bank Loans Say About the Effects of Monetary Policy on Credit Risk‐Taking?

We identify the effects of monetary policy on credit risk‐taking with an exhaustive credit register of loan applications and contracts. We separate the changes in the composition of the supply of credit from the concurrent changes in the volume of supply and quality, and the volume of demand. We employ a two‐stage model that analyzes the granting of loan applications in the first stage and loan outcomes for the applications granted in the second stage, and that controls for both observed and unobserved, time‐varying, firm and bank heterogeneity through time*firm and time*bank fixed effects. We find that a lower overnight interest rate induces lowly capitalized banks to grant more loan applications to ex ante risky firms and to commit larger loan volumes with fewer collateral requirements to these firms, yet with a higher ex post likelihood of default. A lower long‐term interest rate and other relevant macroeconomic variables have no such effects.