零售商的资金约束对协调契约的影响分析

在零售商促销下,探讨了零售商的资金约束对使用收益共享契约和回购契约协调供应链的影响。分析了零售商拥有不同运营资金下供应链的契约协调问题,研究表明：在运营资金相对充裕下,收益共享契约不仅能协调供应链,且能实现渠道收益的任意分配,但回购契约不能实现渠道收益的任意分配,除非运营资金非常充裕;在运营资金不足下,收益共享契约仍有可能协调供应链,但回购契约不能协调供应链。讨论了资金的时间价值对两个契约协调供应链的影响,结果表明：在回购契约下,资金利率越大,具有资金约束零售商的供应链被协调的可能性越大,但资金利率对收益共享契约没有影响。最后提供了数值分析。研究中得到一些管理启示,可为资金约束供应链的协调管理提供理论借鉴。     

基于不公平厌恶或地位追求的创新顾客最优合同类型研究

本文首先从创新顾客的公平偏好程度、薪酬合同类型（最优激励系数）与激励机制效果的关系入手,引入公平偏好理论（不公平厌恶和地位追求）、相对绩效评估（RPE）和参与成本要素,构建顾客参与企业新产品开发的激励模型;其次,通过模型求解和分析,探讨分析各类薪酬合同中风险成本、不公平预期损失和激励效果之间的关系;最后,通过仿真实验验证并确定企业采用的创新顾客最优薪酬合同类型。研究发现：在同一薪酬合同下,创新顾客愈不在意其参与成本的投入,该合同的激励效果愈积极;关于创新顾客最优合同类型的选择,意味着求解一个三方面权衡,包括风险成本、不公平预期损失和公平偏好的激励效果;对于公平偏好程度较低的创新顾客,企业可采用相对绩效合同,例如锦标竞争合同;对于公平偏好程度较高的创新顾客,当其风险规避程度较高时,可采用团队报酬合同,当其风险规避程度较低时,可采用完美团队合同。     

Improving the Progress of Research & Development (R&D) Projects by Selecting an Optimal Alliance Structure and Partner Type

This paper extends the study of alliance governance structure by examining what alliance structure, coordination mechanisms and partner type best enhance the likelihood of Research and Development (R&D) progress or performance. We specially focus on the coordination and interaction mechanism of alliances, through which we classify the alliance governance structures in order to reflect the more complex alliance types and contracts used in today's R&D. Using data from 255 biopharmaceuticals between the years 2000 and 2004, we found that, ceteris paribus, a moderate degree of inter‐partner interaction and a moderately complex (non‐equity‐based) alliance contract contributes more to a better R&D alliance performance than those structures that are too simple or too organizationally embedded (e.g. equity joint ventures), which possibly increase the risk of misalignment and miscommunication between allies. In addition, due to the reduced opportunism and the diverse resource (e.g. technology) pooled in the alliance, allying with diverse organizational partners such as non‐profit research institutes and universities is more likely to enhance the R&D performance. Our findings provide insightful strategic implications to practitioners in designing an appropriate alliance governance structure and choosing the right partner type for a successful R&D collaboration.     

Technology‐Based New Product Development Partnerships*

Hypotheses were developed to capture the dynamic capabilities that result from interfirm partnerships during the joint new product development (NPD) process—the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure existing resources to adapt to rapidly changing environments. These capabilities, in turn, were proposed to have a positive impact on NPD performance outcomes: (a) proportion of new product success and (b) superior new product commercialization. In contexts where the locus of innovation is rapidly changing, the impact of interfirm NPD dynamic capabilities was hypothesized to be diminished in high‐technology contexts, especially for buyers (original equipment manufacturers) and to a lesser extent for suppliers. Still, technology‐based interfirm NPD partnerships were predicted to ultimately outperform low‐technology ones in both NPD performance outcomes. Finally, information technology (IT) support for NPD was hypothesized to influence the interfirm NPD partnership's dynamic capabilities. Using survey data from 72 auto company managers and their suppliers, the proposed model in which IT support for NPD influences the success of interfirm NPD partnerships through the mediating role of interfirm NPD partnership dynamic capabilities in high‐ and low‐technology contexts was generally supported. The results shed light on the nature of technology‐based interfirm NPD partnerships and have implications for their success. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.     

Riester-Vertr?ge: Zur Bedeutung von Kosten und Garantien aus Anlegersicht

The article discusses insurance- and mutual fund-based Riester contracts with respect to the different cost structures and the nominal capital guarantee. A mutual fund-based contract is represented by a plan with a high equity exposure and a nominal capital guarantee, while an insurance-based contract is approximated by a contract with a lower equity exposure and a guaranteed annual rate of return of 2.25%. Both approaches are implemented using a constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) strategy to ensure the relevant capital guarantee. Without taking cost into account, mutual fund-based contracts seem to be the preferred choice for large segments of the population. However, insurance-based Riester contracts become more attractive once the differences in the cost structures are taken into account. The cost disadvantage of mutual fund-based Riester contracts, which occurs whenever the active managers cannot beat the market, is especially important for weakly risk-averse investors, i.e. for the classic clientele of risky investments. Similarly, these savers suffer most from the nominal capital guarantee of mutual fund-based contracts because these individuals would prefer a constant-mix strategy over a CPPI strategy. Thus, the differences in cost structure and the nominal capital guarantee can be identified as possible reasons for the persistently high market shares of insurance-based contracts in the Riester market. However, mutual fund-based Riester contracts are still the first choice for many savers. For example, people with relatively secure private property outside a Riester contract would prefer mutual fund-based contracts, despite cost and capital guarantee issues. The results suggest that mutual fund-based Riester contracts that use Exchange Traded Funds are an attractive product innovation in the Riester market.     

Contract functions in service exchange governance: evidence from logistics outsourcing

The logistics outsourcing literature emphasises relational governance mechanisms and has underplayed the role of formal contractual provisions. This paper empirically examines the multiple functions that contracts perform in the governance of service exchanges. Codification, safeguarding, coordination and adaptation functions are linked to contract specification schedules, payment mechanisms, (early) termination rights, performance review and communication provisions, service variations clauses and renegotiation provisions. Contracts may also embody exchange- or partner-specific learning, albeit to a limited extent. Overall, the empirical findings lend support to the functional view of contracting. The functionality of contracts extends beyond safeguarding against opportunism and financial losses. In addition to offering economic and legal safeguards, contracts are used to coordinate and adapt service exchanges in the face of complexity and uncertainty.     

Effect of Formal Contracts,Relational Norms and Trust on Performance of Joint Research and Development Projects

This paper examines the effect of governance mechanisms – formal contracts, relational norms and trust – on the performance of exploration and exploitation joint research and development (R&D) projects. While the authors acknowledge the need for a twofold approach, transactional and relational, to understand the interfirm exchange governance, the joint action of formal contracts and relational governance has been caught between the complementary or substitutive forces involved in interorganizational relationships. Using survey data on joint exploration and exploitation R&D projects developed by the European biotechnology companies, the synergies of both mechanisms and their effects in improving project performance are investigated. The analysis suggests that contracts and relational norms and trust act as complementary mechanisms, but while contracts are more effective in exploitation projects, relational norms and trust are more powerful in improving the performance of exploration projects.     

Power imbalance and value creation in joint ventures

Joint ventures (JVs) often do not create expected value due to power imbalance between partners. Despite the fact that JV partners are embedded in relational constraints, prior research has largely relied on economic reasoning by focusing on equity ownership difference between JV partners as the main source of power imbalance. We extend prior research to also consider important relational factors represented by repeated ties between partners and network openness, as well as institutional status difference and network status difference as two additional dimensions of power imbalance. Our findings indicate that ownership power imbalance by itself does not have a significant effect on value creation. However, value creation is facilitated when there is ownership power imbalance between partners with more repeated ties. In contrast, value creation may be hindered when JV partners with unequal ownership are embedded in more open interfirm alliance networks. Furthermore, value creation is facilitated if JV partners that have unequal ownership also have network status power imbalance in the same direction.     

VMI供应链下考虑补货策略的的契约设计

结合(r,Q)和(s,S)两种库存补货策略,提出了货权属供应商的VMI供应链的契约设计问题。采用风险分担的思想,给出了两种可行的风险分担的契约形式。在离散需求下,通过参数试验的形式,分别研究了两种契约形式对供应链效率的影响。研究结果表明,两种契约能够使得供应链的效率达到满意,同时对于影响效率的参数有一定的鲁棒性,并且在一定情况下能协调供应链。相比收益分享契约,引入风险分享的契约形式能够使得供应链协作的效率更高。研究结论对VMI契约设计有参考意义。     

供应商保鲜努力的生鲜农产品双渠道供应链协调决策研究

在互联网迅猛发展的时代,生鲜农产品双渠道营销模式是供应商的最佳选择,如何发挥双渠道优势,实现渠道共赢是目前研究的热点。以供应商主导的双渠道供应链为研究对象,考虑新鲜度衰减且扰动需求和供应商保鲜努力,对比分析集中和分散决策模型,论证构建协调模型的必要性。从渠道合作和利润最大化的角度出发,设计两部定价契约、批发价协调契约和由成本分担与补偿策略构成的混合协调契约,三种契约均能在一定范围内有效实现供应链协调,提高各成员的利润。最后,对比分析所设计协调契约以认识其本质,并通过数值分析验证其有效性。     

公平偏好对横纵向供应链定价及其绩效的影响

本文分别在纵向供应链与横向供应链中，研究了供应链成员具有公平偏好时的定价决策及其绩效表现。研究结果表明：在纵向供应链中，供应商或零售商具有公平偏好并进行Stackelberg博弈，批发价格契约能够满足供应商或零售商的公平偏好，此时整个供应链的利润最优，效率最高；在横向供应链中，处于相同供应链层级的制造商具有公平偏好并进行Cournot博弈，批发价格契约不能满足其公平偏好，但整个供应链的利润与绩效显著高于完全理性时的供应链利润与绩效。最后进行算例分析，并给出一些管理意义。     

服务水平约束下基于顾客策略性退货的供应链契约协调研究

研究由一个制造商和一个零售商及一组顾客群组成的单周期供应链的协调决策问题。建立了顾客策略性退货模型,并确定了服务水平约束下,集中式和分散式决策模式下,商品的最优价格、最优订货量和最优退货价格。为了解决分散式决策的双重边际化效应,设计了一般的回购契约、基于差别定价的回购契约和销售回扣契约对供应链进行协调,并探讨了三种契约的协调机制。结果表明,一般的回购契约及销售回扣契约不能实现包含顾客退货的供应链的协调,而基于差别定价的回购契约可以实现供应链协调。最后,通过数值算例,分析了服务水平约束对供应链总体利润的影响以及差别定价回购契约的协调效果。     

Supply chain coordination with information design

We consider the coordination of a supplier–retailer supply chain where, in addition to classical contract considerations, a supplier decides the adoption of an information structure (IS) for the supply chain, with a higher-quality IS allowing the supply chain parties to obtain a more accurate demand forecast. Because a wholesale price contract cannot coordinate the supply chain due to misaligned incentives of supply chain parties, we explore what common coordinating contracts in the classical coordination literature can continue coordinating the supply chain with the IS adoption. Interestingly, our analysis appears to reveal the power of simplicity: some simple classical coordinating contracts (e.g., the buy-back and revenue-sharing contracts), though not designed with the IS consideration, still coordinate the supply chain, whereas other more complicated classical contracts (e.g., the quantity flexibility and sales rebate contracts) fail to do so. We derive a general condition for supply chain coordination and show that any contract with a newsvendor-like transfer payment can coordinate the supply chain.     

Coordination in a Single‐Supplier,Multi‐Retailer Distribution System: Supplier‐Facilitated Transshipments

We consider supplier‐facilitated transshipments for achieving supply chain coordination in a single supplier, multi‐retailer distribution system with non‐cooperative retailers. The previous transshipment literature has focused on coordination through retailer‐negotiated transshipments and thus does not consider the supplier's decision‐making. In contrast, in this study, we assume the supplier is an active participant in the system and we seek to understand how the supplier can facilitate the implementation of coordinating transshipments. We study a two‐period model with wholesale orders at the start of the first period and preventive transshipments performed at the start of the second period. Inspired by a supplier‐facilitated transshipment scheme observed in practice, we assume the supplier implements transshipments through a bi‐directional adjustment contract. Under this contract, each retailer can either buy additional inventory from, or sell back excess inventory to, the supplier. We show that coordination can be achieved through carefully designed contracts with state‐dependent adjustment prices and a wholesale price menu. We demonstrate that the supplier's role in facilitating coordinating transshipments is critical. In addition, we use our understanding of the coordinating contract form to derive some simpler and easier‐to‐implement heuristic contracts. We use a numerical study to demonstrate the value, to the supplier, of using the coordinating adjustment and wholesale prices, and to evaluate the heuristics’ performance.     

绿色研发补贴、成本分担契约与收益共享契约研究

成本分担契约与收益共享契约是提高供应链整体协调的两大工具。基于绿色消费市场背景,本文引入绿色研发补贴政策,研究成本分担契约与收益共享契约对供应链的影响。研究表明,成本分担契约与收益共享契约对政府研发补贴政策具有一定的替代作用。同时,在绿色研发补贴政策下,成本分担契约的签订并不会带来产业链整体利润水平以及社会福利水平的提升,而收益共享契约则可以实现产业链利润水平以及社会福利水平提升的目的。进一步,当契约由供应链中企业通过谈判决定时,上述结果依然成立。     

基于电子与契约市场的供应链协作的研究

通过期权机制,建立了电子市场与传统契约市场共存下的供应链各决策主体的决策模型,供应商通过设定合理的契约参数,增强其产品在电子市场的竞争力,而在契约市场获得相应的收益,同时激励零售商的产品购买量为最优,以实现供应链的协调,并求得了均衡状况下供应链的最优价格、产能和购买决策,最后,对上述各决策模型的影响因素进行了敏感性分析,进一步验证了结论的有效性.     

风险控制能力差异下的薪酬契约研究

道德风险和逆向选择问题是委托代理理论的研究重点，也是企业薪酬机制设计的核心。本文在道德风险和逆向选择同时存在的框架下，创新性地将利润风控能力作为能力差异的体现引入异质经理人，求解出单一契约和两种契约情况下薪酬契约的显式最优解，并对结果进行了数值模拟验证。本文与单一契约相比，两种契约情况下股东的期望收益较高，对低能力经理的激励降低，对高能力经理的激励上升，但高能力经理的效用由于受到契约的扭曲反而会下降。股东还可针对高能力经理设计单一契约，但当低能力经理所占的比例足够高时，设计两种契约将成为股东的最优选择。本文的研究结果可为私募基金等重视经理风控能力的行业提供薪酬契约设计方面的参考。     

双边道德风险下供应链质量协调契约研究

契约的公平性是契约有效性的前提,也是提高供应链协调效率的基本保证。本文基于外部市场变化对契约公平性影响,运用委托代理理论,同时考虑供应商和制造商质量失误的基础上,构建双边道德风险下二级供应链质量控制博弈模型,分析外部损失分担与内部惩罚质量契约协调下双方产品质量控制水平,研究外部市场及质量成本变化对两种契约的公平性和有效性的影响,并对模型分析结果进行仿真验证。结果显示：外部认证系统直接影响外部损失分担契约的公平性与有效性,而对内部惩罚契约无效;当供应商不必为制造商质量失误负责时,外部损失契约将实现对供应链的质量协调;随着供应商质量控制成本的提高,内部惩罚契约质量控制效果将高于外部损失分担契约,而当制造商质量控制成本下降时,外部损失分担契约较内部损失分担契更有效。因此,保证契约的公平性是实现供应链产品质量协调的根本前提。     

基于看跌期权契约的应急物资采购储备模型

应急物资具有峰值需求量大,需求不确定性强,缺货成本高等特点,这使得政府必须在事前进行一定数量的物资储备。然而,由于应急物资需求的发生概率较低,针对食品药品等一类具有保质期限的物资,一旦在保质期限内需求未发生,则会造成大量的浪费与损失,加重政府的财政负担。虽然传统供应链中的回购契约可使政府将剩余物资回售给供应方,能够在一定程度上降低政府成本,但是供应方并没有因承担多余风险而获取到额外收益。基于此,本文设计了一种基于看跌期权契约的应急物资采购储备模型,用于解决保质期风险而引发的损失问题,并分析了实现政企供应链协调的机制,探讨了双方实现共赢协调的具体条件。此外,本文进一步表明与回购契约相比,基于看跌期权契约所建立的采购储备模式能够在降低政府成本的同时,合理地补偿供应方因承担多余风险而造成的损失,更好地保障了供应方的利益,达到了政府和供应方双赢的目的。     

REFERENCE POINTS,SOCIAL NORMS,AND FAIRNESS IN CONTRACT RENEGOTIATIONS

How does an ex‐ante contract affect behavior in an ex‐post renegotiation game? We address this question in a canonical buyer–seller relationship with renegotiation. Our paper provides causal experimental evidence that an initial contract has a highly significant and economically important impact on renegotiation behavior that goes beyond the effect of contracts on bargaining threat points. We compare situations in which an initial contract is renegotiated to strategically equivalent bargaining situations in which no ex‐ante contract was written. The ex‐ante contract causes sellers to ask for markups that are 45% lower than in strategically equivalent bargaining situations without an initial contract. Moreover, buyers are more likely to reject given markups in renegotiations than in negotiations. These effects do not depend on whether the contract was written under competitive or monopolistic conditions. Our results provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that contracts serve as reference points that shape and coordinate the expectations of the contracting parties.