以企业能力为中介的联盟类型与技术创新方式关系实证研究

从资源基础观构建联盟类型、企业能力(开发能力和探索能力)和技术创新方式相互关系的模型,以重庆等6个地区500家制造业企业为调研对象,运用结构方程模型对所获数据进行实证分析。结果表明:市场联盟提供的市场资源利于开发能力的提升,技术联盟提供的技术资源利于探索能力的发展;开发能力与渐进创新方式正相关,探索能力与突变创新方式正相关;市场联盟提供的市场资源有助于渐进创新方式,技术联盟提供的技术资源有助于突变创新方式。     

基于不同战略导向的创新选择与控制方式研究

本文从战略导向的角度出发,研究了企业的创新选择和管理控制方式选择问题.从战略思维和组织学习两个方面对企业家导向和市场导向在创新程度和管理控制方式上的不同进行了分析,提出概念模型和理论假设.利用从10个省市不同行业得到的585家企业有效样本数据的分析,验证了本文的理论模型.分析结果表明,企业家导向更加注重突破式创新并通过战略控制对其进行管理,而市场导向更加注重渐进创新并通过财务控制对其进行管理.分析结果还表明虽然企业家导向与渐进创新没有直接关系,但却可以通过财务控制方式鼓励企业中渐进创新的出现.     

企业融资约束与创新绩效:人力资本社会网络的视角

企业融资约束对创新绩效具有重要的影响作用。现有相关研究对企业融资约束与创新绩效之间可能存在的、更为复杂的非线性关系考虑不足，同时偏重从企业外部宏观的角度提出缓解二者之间消极关系的方法，不利于企业能动性的发挥。本文通过结合领英（LinkedIn）在线简历大数据和国泰安（CSMAR）上市企业相关数据，实证研究了我国上市企业融资约束与创新绩效之间存在的复杂关系以及人力资本社会网络在其中发挥的重要作用。研究结果表明，企业融资约束与创新绩效之间存在显著的倒U型关联，企业中高层管理者、科技人才的流动所形成的人力资本社会网络对企业融资约束与创新绩效之间的关系存在显著的积极调节作用。研究结论延续和深化了企业融资约束与创新的相关研究，并进一步丰富与拓展了人力资本社会网络在企业行为研究中的应用。     

Cost‐Reducing Innovation and the Role of Patent Intermediaries in Increasing Market Efficiency

Patent intermediaries have gained importance as non‐practicing entities in the innovation domain, buying innovations from an external provider and then licensing them to practicing firms. In this study, we analyze the competition between two identical incumbent firms and a patent intermediary for the acquisition and licensing of a cost‐reducing innovation developed by an external innovator. We show that the outcome of the IP acquisition and licensing game critically depends on the degree of the cost‐reducing innovation. Patent intermediaries win IP rights in patent markets if the innovation is incremental. They also win the IP rights when the innovation is moderate or radical, providing they have significant efficiency advantages over incumbent firms and the uncertainty about the degree of innovation is low. We also show that patent intermediaries serve to make markets more efficient. When the innovation is incremental or moderate, they help ensure a lower cost of production and a lower price for customers, and when the innovation is radical, they help increase the profits of the incumbent firms.     

转型经济下中国企业创新选择的实证研究：环境与组织因素

本文研究了中国企业在转型经济时期的创新选择行为,主要分析了环境变化和组织结构特点对企业创新选择行为的直接和间接影响.本文的研究结果表明,快速变化的环境促使企业采用规模小、风险小而见效快的渐进创新,而不太可能采用风险大、投入大的突变创新;正是的、集权型组织结构有利于突变创新的出现,而不利于企业中渐进创新的产生.本文的研究结果还表明,环境和组织结构不但直接影响企业创新选择行为,还通过内部控制机制间接影响了企业的创新选择.     

Exploitation Strategy and Performance of Contract Manufacturing Exporters: The Mediating Roles of Exploration Strategy and Marketing Capability

Contract manufacturing exporters (CMEs) receive a meagre share of global value chain returns, primarily because of the mundane and exploitative nature of the activities they perform in their dependency relationships with lead firms. We posit that CMEs can enhance their performance by capitalizing on their exploitation strategy. Exploitation strategy triggers exploration strategy which requires building marketing capabilities for enhanced performance. Based on data from 154 Vietnamese CMEs, we find significant indirect only mediation effects of: 1) exploration strategy between exploitation strategy and export performance; and 2) marketing capability between exploration strategy and export performance. Further, we find significant indirect only serial mediation of exploration strategy and marketing capability between exploitation strategy and export performance. The findings are also supported and contextualized based on illustrative quotes from face to face semi-structured interviews with senior managers of 10 Vietnamese CMEs. The findings suggest that CMEs' that consciously capitalize on the exploitation strategy by seeking exploration opportunities while building their marketing capability exhibit enhanced performance.     

HRM and radical innovation: A dual approach with exploration as a mediator

Radical innovation is crucial for a firm’s success, and organisations should promote it. Prior research has argued that human capital is essential for a company’s innovation. However, the direct and indirect effects of Human Resource Management (HRM) on radical innovation have not yet been determined. Therefore, the present paper aims to explore the direct impact of HRM on radical innovation with a content approach and a process approach. It will also examine the mediating effect that learning through an exploration process has on HRM and radical innovation. Using data from 200 medium-sized Spanish industrial firms, our results demonstrate that Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) has a positive and direct effect on radical innovation. We also find that an HRM system directed toward change and creativity and SHRM positively support the process of exploration learning, and that competence exploration has a favourable impact on radical innovation. These results indicate that competence exploration mediates the effect HRM systems and SHRM have on radical innovation.     

高新技术企业创业能力、创新类型与融资方式关系研究

创新是企业实现竞争优势的主要方式,而企业创业能力和资本来源是实现创新的保障。本文利用我国164例中小型高新技术企业,检验创业能力、创新类型和融资方式之间的关系。结果表明,机会能力与突破性创新、风险资本融资程度呈正向关系,而运作能力与渐进性创新、债务融资程度呈正向关系,突破性创新方式与风险资本融资程度呈正向关系,与债务融资程度呈负向关系,而渐进性创新与债务融资程度呈正向关系,与风险资本融资呈负向影响关系。     

竞争驱动战略转型的人力资本视线研究——以天津中小制造业企业为例

转型升级阵痛中的中国制造业企业，唯有基于人力资本"视线"实施差异化战略、推进激进式创新，才能变革成功，进而在激烈市场竞争中存活下来并形成核心竞争力。以天津市各大工业园区154家中小制造业企业的问卷调查数据为样本，采用结构方程模型对制造业企业创新逆驱战略转型的人力资本"视线"进行统计检验。结果显示，战略层面的"视线"有一个：外部环境竞争性、差异化战略、激进式创新与企业绩效。资源层面"视线"有两个：差异化战略、HRM系统、人力资本、渐进式创新、激进式创新与企业绩效；差异化战略、HRM系统、知识共享与企业绩效。这三条"视线"为中国制造业企业指明了战略转型、创新变革的具体方向。     

Lessons from the Celltech Case: Balancing Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Renewal

This article applies the lens of the knowledge exploration/exploitation dilemma to the renewal of Celltech Plc. From a theoretical perspective it has often been argued that as a firm matures, exploitation of current organizational knowledge drives out exploration of new ideas, and that this increases the likelihood of firm failure. This same literature gives few clues as to how balance can be maintained, or decline reversed. Our case study documents the decline of Celltech, its rejuvenation from near bankruptcy in 1990, and its subsequent ability to prosper to become the eighth largest biotech firm in the EU in terms of market capitalization. Through the Celltech case we show empirically that renewal based on exploration is possible even in a firm where exploitation has come to dominate. This case also illustrates how a balance between exploration and exploitation can be maintained for over half a decade, despite the theoretical tendency stated in the literature for exploitation to dominate. We offer insights into the process of maintaining a balance, including reorganization to release internal diversity to stimulate exploration, creation of a common language, and building systems to institutionalize the maintenance of a balance between exploration and exploitation.     

Trust,partner selection and innovation outcome in collaborative new product development

A key feature of collaboration in general and collaboration for innovation in particular is the existence of trust. Trust is important because it reduces the costs and risks involved in collaboration, while also increasing the overall performance. This article explores the role that trust plays during the selection of suppliers in new product development (NPD), and the outcome that reliance on trust has on the innovation effort. The research involves a case study of two organisations following contrasting approaches to NPD sourcing, but both relying on collaborative, long-term relationships. In both cases, we find goodwill trust as the key variable explaining the reliance on collaboration. We also find that over-reliance on goodwill trust and geographical proximity in selecting NPD suppliers leads to an emphasis on incremental innovation which hampers the ability of both organisations to engage in radical NPD.     

突破性技术创新的影响因素研究——基于战略与组织的视角

企业的可持续发展离不开其突破性技术创新能力的提升,然而目前对突破性技术创新的研究仍然是以定性研究为多而定量研究为少,关于突破性技术创新的成因的研究则相对更少。本文从战略和组织的双重视角出发,在对现有文献进行回顾和归纳的基础上,提出了本文的研究假设,并运用中国的企业样本,采取多源数据取样的研究设计以降低同源误差的影响,运用层级回归方程对所提出的假设进行了实证验证,研究结果发现,有机式组织结构对突破性技术创新具有显著的正向影响,探索者战略也有利于突破性技术创新能力的提升,而有机式组织结构与探索者战略的交互对突破性技术创新也具有显著的正向影响。最后讨论了本文的研究启示以及未来研究方向。     

Complementarity between CSR dimensions and innovation: behaviour,objective or both?

This research assesses the impact of combining the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm innovation. In particular, we test whether the three dimensions of CSR (economic, social and environmental) are interrelated (behavioural complementarity), and whether their joined adoption will generate super-additive innovation performance effects (objective complementarity). To that end, we draw on the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for Spain during the period 2009–2014. The analyses confirm behavioural complementarity among the three dimensions of CSR, as well as differences on objective complementarities depending on the innovation performance measure considered. In particular, the combination of the social dimension with any of the two others (economic and environmental) is the one that gives the best results in terms of radical innovation, whereas both the economic and environmental dimensions of CSR seem to be fundamental to foster incremental innovation. These results have implications for academics and practitioners, since they provide useful guidelines for the design of CSR in order to enhance firm innovation.     

多主体参与下企业技术创新模式动态选择研究

多主体参与已经成为现代经济环境下企业创新活动的基本特征。为了明确各创新主体参对企业创新模式选择的影响。本文构建了一个包括供应商和顾客参与的创新模式选择博弈模型。对模型分析发现,根据企业选择的创新模式不同,可以形成三种竞争市场,采用演化博弈方法对模型均衡结果求解,得到以下结论:供应商和顾客参与能增加企业选择突破性技术创新模式的比重,减少选择渐进性技术创新比重,且这种影响随着市场中选择突破性技术创新比例增加而增加;当创新产品为价格弹性需求时,顾客参与更能促进突破性技术创新,当创新产品为价格非弹性需求时,供应商参与更能促进突破性技术创新,这与渐进性技术创新的结论截然相反。采用数值算例对结果进行分析,进一步验证了上述结论。本文的研究结论有助于揭示多主体参与对创新模式选择的影响,也对在多主体参与条件下,企业的创新资源配置这一创新的核心问题做出了一定的解释。     

The Microfoundations of Dynamic Capabilities for Incremental and Radical Innovation in Knowledge-Intensive Businesses

We theorize and test the impact of two microfoundations of dynamic capabilities on incremental and radical innovation in knowledge-intensive businesses (KIBs). We argue that numerical flexibility and training, as human resources (HR) microfoundations that enable the configuration and deployment of resources, have different implications for incremental and radical innovation. Furthermore, we contend that those KIBs that make significant use of numerical flexibility will invest less in training, thus impacting innovation outcomes. We test our arguments using an original, longitudinal dyadic dataset assembled from 1750 structured interviews conducted with HR directors and senior managers in 875 KIBs located in Finland, France, Sweden and the UK. We find that numerical flexibility is negatively related to both incremental and radical innovation, whereas training is positively related to both. Our test of the moderating impact of training on both types of innovation resulting from the use of numerical flexibility was not statistically significant. Overall, we suggest that not all efforts by KIBs to mobilize resources and capabilities and align them with a complex external environment in the pursuit of innovation are necessarily beneficial. We highlight some research, policy, and practice implications that arise from our findings.     

组织创新、组织能力和组织绩效的关系研究

构建了组织创新、组织能力和组织绩效分析框架,以研究三者之间相互影响的机制和路径,并以华南地区的194家企业为样本进行实证研究。研究结果表明:组织能力是组织创新作用于组织绩效的中介变量;组织能力的前因,来自管理创新的影响大于来自技术创新的影响;组织创新从组织能力影响组织绩效的强度,比从技术创新影响组织绩效的强度更强;组织创新对于组织长期绩效、短期绩效的影响路径有所不同。     

排斥性创新：一种适合发展中国家的创新方法

在发展中国家进行本土技术创新和追赶发达国家的过程中,他们自然而然会关注重大的突破性创新(Radical Innovation)方法.但是近来的研究表明,突破性创新的失败率很高,而且它要求公司或国家在培养重大的创新方法时投入大量的时间、金钱,还需要高层领导的持续关注.本文对上述问题进行了指南性的回顾,并且讨论了另一种方法--排斥性创新方法.我们应该关注排斥性创新,因为它更有可能获得成功,特别是对那些新兴的本土企业.它还是一种为发展中国家开发新的、市场能接受的产品/服务的有效方法.排斥性创新之后,公司就可以运用维持性创新(Sustaining Innovation)(渐进的和/或突破性的),为本土市场和国际市场提供高端产品.本文还列举了5个中国的案例来证实在发展中国家进行排斥性创新是可行的.     

Regulatory focus as a psychological micro-foundation of leaders' exploration and exploitation activities

In recent years, there has been strong interest in leaders' exploration and exploitation activities, especially because of their positive effects on performance. Most prior research in this area has focused on the organizational antecedents of leaders' exploration and exploitation activities, with less consideration given to the psychological precursors. This paper draws upon insights from the behavioral strategy literature to inform our theoretical perspective on leaders' exploration–exploitation activities. In particular, by conceptually linking leaders' regulatory focus and exploration–exploitation, we provide a theoretical framework to explain these activities from a psychological viewpoint. Moreover, we employ two moderator variables to better understand the different properties and boundaries of this framework. All in all, this paper has a number of implications for strategic leadership theory and practice.     

Explaining the heterogeneity of the leadership-innovation relationship: Ambidextrous leadership

The authors review and meta-analytically integrate the existing literature on leadership and innovation to show a complex and inconsistent picture of this relationship. Current research has mostly neglected the complex nature of innovation processes that leads to changing requirements within these processes. The main requirements of innovation are exploration and exploitation as well as a flexibility to switch between those two activities. The authors propose an ambidexterity theory of leadership for innovation that specifies two complementary sets of leadership behavior that foster exploration and exploitation in individuals and teams — opening and closing leader behaviors, respectively. We call this ambidextrous leadership because it utilizes opening and closing leader behaviors and switches between them to deal with the ever-changing requirements of the innovation process. Routes to ambidextrous leadership and opportunities for future research on leadership and innovation are discussed.     

Network Embeddedness in Exploration and Exploitation of Joint R&D Projects: A Structural Approach

This paper analyses how network embeddedness affects the exploration and exploitation of R&D project performance. By developing joint projects, partners and projects are linked to one another and form a network that generates social capital. We examine how the location, which determines the access to information and knowledge within a network of relationships, affects the performance of projects. We consider this question in the setup of exploration and exploitation projects, using a database built from an EU framework. We find that each of the structural embeddedness dimensions (degree, betweenness and eigenvector centrality) have a different impact on the exploration and exploitation project performance. Our empirical analysis extends to project management literature and social capital theory, by including the effect that the acquisition of external knowledge has on the performance of the project.