归属感的匮乏:现代性语境下的认同困境

认同是一种辨识过程,其目的在于确立自己的“身份”,找到自己的“归属”,从而达到对“我是谁”的确认。在前现代条件下,由于个体处于固定的、系统化的关系网络当中,自我通过自身在稳固秩序中所处的环节而获得确定的归属感。而现代化作为一项不断颠覆现有行为方式的进程,催生了个体的自我意识,导致了个体与共同体的相互分离。生活在现代社会中的人,在享受高度自由的同时,也面临着归属感匮乏和身份感模糊的困境,从而陷于对“我究竟是谁”的追问当中。认同问题在现代社会中凸显了出来。摆脱原子化的自我观念,建构一种共享式的新型人际关系,对于解决现代认同问题具有重要的启示意义。     

National Identity in the Context of Globalization: A Structural Perspective

In this era of “liquid modernity,” China faces the dual pressures of external globalization and internal social transformation. Within these dual space-time coordinates, academic research should address the question of what makes national identity possible by moving away from its fixation on macro-narratives and concrete micro-analysis of civic or ethnic identity, etc., to focus on meso-analysis. To do this, it is important to allay individuals’ ontological anxiety so that they return to ontological security; to realize the production and reproduction of a national centripetal force; and to highlight the functional power of national identity. Both theoretical studies and real-world experience show that national identity cannot play a stable and coherent role on its own, but needs the structural support of three fundamental systems: economic incentives, political values, and institutional organization. The functional cohesion of these systems provides an effective path to the realization of national identity.     

National Identity,Citizenship and Immigration: Putting Identity in Context

In this paper we suggest that there is a need to examine what is meant by “context” in Social Psychology and present an example of how to place identity in its social and institutional context. Taking the case of British naturalisation, the process whereby migrants become citizens, we show that the identity of naturalised citizens is defined by common‐sense ideas about Britishness and by immigration policies. An analysis of policy documents on “earned citizenship” and interviews with naturalised citizens shows that the distinction between “elite” and “non‐elite” migrants is evident in both the “reified” sphere of policy and the “common sense” sphere of everyday identity construction. While social representations embedded in lay experience construct ethno‐cultural similarity and difference, immigration policies engage in an institutionalised positioning process by determining migrants' rights of mobility. These spheres of knowledge and practice are not disconnected as these two levels of “managing otherness” overlap—it is the poorer, less skilled migrants, originating outside the West who epitomise difference (within a consensual sphere) and have less freedom of mobility (within a reified sphere). We show that the context of identity should be understood as simultaneously psychological and political.     

History of the Care of Displaced Children in Korea

The present article explores the current nature and history of welfare provision for displaced children in Korea. It examines the early examples of care and the perspectives on the issue from scholars, lawmakers, religion and society as a whole. This provides an understanding of the background and, especially, the cultural roots of existing care. A history of what may be considered the first modern displaced child welfare provision is also given with analysis of how Christian and local approaches and perceptions integrated. This was to form the basis for present-day transitional displaced child welfare in Korea. For this reason, the article examines the provision in a paradigm which looks at the provision as responses to Western influences. Features of congregate care, domestic/international adoptions, foster care and youth-headed households are examined. The authors conclude that global forces will continue to be influential and recommends that religious institutions which have thus far provided crucial contributions to the foundation of care should continue to play key roles with the government's facilitation. The need for wide participation from society and coordination from the government to manage systems, develop strategies and build consensus is highlighted.     

The impact of resettlement on Karen refugee family relationships: A qualitative exploration

Refugee resettlement policy in the United States prioritizes family reunification, meaning, resettling families that may have been separated for years are reuniting and reestablishing connections while integrating into a new culture. Scholarship on the impact of resettlement and integration has focused primarily on the individual level, despite evidence that strong family relationships are a documented protective factor for refugee families. This paper aims to explore the impact of resettlement on Karen refugee families' relationships. Data from 6 focus groups with 36 Karen refugee community members and interviews with 8 key stakeholders suggests that refugee families are at risk of a constellation of relational issues that are exacerbated by the stress of resettlement. Data also indicates that families have indigenous strategies for solving problems that could be harnessed to develop culturally relevant family support services.     

National Identity in the Era of Globalization: Crisis and Reconstruction

The era of globalization is posing a variety of challenges to national identity. In order to meet these challenges, it is important to offer theoretical scientific interpretations of them. A scrutiny of national identity as a concept reveals that national identity is actually a “four in one” combination of institutional identity, interest identity, cultural identity and non-national community identity, with formative mechanisms characterized the unity of the primordial state and the constructive, expressive forms characterized by the unity of consciousness and action, content characterized by the unity of politics and culture, and maintenance mechanisms characterized by the unity of emotion and self-interest. In the global age, national identity crisis usually arises in political, economic and cultural levels. The root cause for national identity crisis lies in the ineffectiveness of nation states’ self-governance. In order to promote the construction of national identity in the global age, we need to: (1) promote reform of the political system, explore democratic models of governance, and create the institutional preconditions for national identity; (2) promote economic development, ensure fairness and justice, and guarantee interests in national identity; (3) develop national culture, strengthen value integration and enrich the cultural significance of national identity; and (4) recognize different levels of community development and promote community integration in national identity.     

The New Zealand Refugee Resettlement Strategy: implications for identity,acculturation and civic participation

The process of resettlement as a refugee often involves adapting to, and reconciling with, a new social reality. The complexities associated with acculturation across age, gender and family dynamics are navigated within greater social contexts that may encourage or hinder the processes of adjustment and settlement. This paper addresses the recent New Zealand Refugee Resettlement Strategy in light of contemporary theoretical developments with regard to the segmented assimilation thesis and the forms of social capital that, when available, may be mobilised to help refugee-background individuals, families and communities to forge new routes for participation and belonging. In particular, we examine the strategy and its five main goals of self-sufficiency, participation, health and well-being, education and housing as these relate to the possibilities and tensions at play in the wider acculturation experiences of New Zealand's diverse refugee populations.     

论王蒙文化心态中的革命认同

由于历史、意识形态和青春期的原因,王蒙早年选择成为革命知识分子,树立了坚定的理想主义,以后的政治运动曾一度使其心态失衡,身份认同产生过迷失,但坚定的革命认同始终在他身上打下不可磨灭的烙印,成为他创作的整体精神之根。     

Governance Change and Political Identity in the Internet Age

The advent of the Internet era has triggered profound changes in national governance, and the profound complexity and highly uncertain nature of governance have imposed new requirements on political identification in the new era. Whether seen environmentally from the point of view of the governance environment or from the point of view of the subjects and structures of governance, the changes brought about by the Internet to national governance have challenged political identity. Therefore, in response to the challenges to political identification posed by changes in Internet governance in the context of the new era, it is necessary to reconstruct new bonds for the political identity of the mass of the people by promoting the modernization of Internet governance on the basis of maintaining a firm grip on domination of cyberspace ideology: implementing integrated governance to achieve developmental identity; strengthening service-oriented governance to build subject identification; and promoting responsive governance to enhance sustainable identity.     

The Marxist Theory of the State and National Identity

Nation-state identity has become a focus of theoretical discussion in academia home and abroad in recent years. Under the new historical conditions, the study of national identity should take the Marxist theory of the state as its theoretical basis and stick to the Marxist view of class and class analysis so as to properly understand, guide and enhance national identity. The Marxist theory of the state has analyzed in a scientific way the origin, nature, development, succession and decay of the state, and the innovative and transitional nature of the proletarian state. We should not stop at the level of “national identity in general,” but should instead use the Marxist view of class to look at and analyze specific people’s identification with specific states. As far as the developed capitalist states are concerned, the bourgeoisie and the working class differ dramatically in their views, attitudes, emotions and beliefs toward their state. When it comes to China that is still at the primary stage of socialism, national identity needs to be studied in depth and guided in a correct way, especially under the condition of reform and opening-up. The main subjects of national identity should get optimized at all levels.

Meanwhile, measures should be taken to enhance conscious awareness of and cultivate right attitudes toward national identity.     

试论刘三姐文化符号的多民族文化认同

从多民族文化认同的角度研究刘三姐文化现象,探讨刘三姐文化符号对于多民族认同的作用、价值与意义,以及这个文化符号在多民族文化认同构建中的历史与变化是新时期刘三姐文化研究的深入和实际需要。刘三姐的多民族文化认同不但没有导致民族文化个性和差异的泯灭,还为多民族的共同繁荣发展提供了一个和谐的社会环境和相互信任与包容的文化心理,这不仅为广西也为其他多民族地区和国家解决民族矛盾与冲突提供了一个成功范例。     

National Identity Crisis in Developing Countries in the Global Age and Its Causes

After the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, great changes have occurred in the world scenario, with ethnic clashes and national conflicts becoming all the more salient, making national identity a hot topic in reality and the academia. To address the issue of national identity in the age of globalization, a deep-going theoretical discussion of the logic behind it is necessary, a discussion that covers the nature of both ethno-cultural identity and national identity, the superiority of national identity to ethno-cultural identity and the logic behind national identity crisis. In terms of the need for social identity, globalization, while changing the power structure of the world, weakens the autonomy of developing countries, especially that of those which are still in the process of modernization and are confronted with risks inherent in social transformation and where a resultant structural imbalance undermines the state’s integrity and control, making national identity less appealing to ethnic groups. As a result, regional ethnic identity comes to the fore, leading to national identity crises in developing countries.     

公民身份认同：一个新研究领域的形成理路

公民身份的认同问题是20世纪90年代以后由公民身份研究与认同研究结合而被推动起来的,是亚民族的地方认同与超民族的区域认同汇合到政治层面得以表达的结果,对西方民族国家建构的现代公民身份及其认同形态都产生很大冲击。公民身份与认同既相矛盾又可部分融合;公民身份认同主要关注个体或群体对政治共同体之成员地位（包括自我安全、归属、团结、包容或排斥）的心理认知和主观感受,在于提升政治共同体之成员的尊严和地位。公民身份认同研究从外部可以划分为宪政爱国主义、多元主义、激进民主主义这三种理论视角与政治主张,从内部可以划分为合法化构建的、拒斥性的、重新规划的公民身份认同三种类型。本文立足于20世纪90年代以来西方社会政治理论的主要文献,旨在厘清公民身份与认同两议题的结合过程,阐释据于公民身份认同的不同理论旨趣,探讨其内在的分形结构。公民身份认同研究正日益受到学术界的高度关注,其内部分形在现实上正挑战着现代公民身份的单一认同结构。
关键词：公民身份认同公民身份认同合法化构建的拒斥性的重新规划的     

论全球化进程中的多重文化认同

现代性的发展和全球化进程有铲平差异性的逻辑,但是也造成了多样性差异相遇的场域。全球化进程并不是某一个现代文化的普及和代替其他文化的过程,而是所有参与这个进程的文化体的重构性互动过程。在这种互动中,无论是否自己意识到这点,不同的文化体实际上都进行了新的包容性的多重认同重构。在原有文化基因的基础上,不同的文化体不断重新构造和丰富着自己的认同,维护着自己的特性和完整性。然而,正确的多重认同构造应该是有责任的保持开放的合理化过程,使认同的构造过程成为全球化与本土化创造性互动的过程。     

农民工社会认同的决定因素研究：基于上海的实证分析

本文首次从国际移民的涵化理论视角对农民工的社会认同方式及决定因素进行探讨,通过对上海市农民工抽样调查数据的实证分析发现,农民工作为国家内部城乡移民的重要组成部分,其社会认同存在以户籍为基础的制度性约束和以资源匮乏为特征的能动性限制。农民工社会认同主要受文化态度、社会交往、经济成功和社会环境四类变量的影响,农民工的个体人口统计特征也会影响城市认同的意愿。当地语言的熟练程度、与当地人交朋友的意愿（而非与外省市的农民工交朋友）、类似群体的收入地位水平、感知到的社会歧视程度和参与保险的程度都成为重要的决定因素。因此,公共政策的制定与执行应该要有助于农民工的心理层面的社会认同的转变,尤其是从“外地人”向“本地人”的认知转型。     

论公民身份认同的话语机制

从公民身份的历史发展轨迹来看,公民身份在不同国家和不同历史时期存在着不同的实践形式。公民身份意味着人在一个国家中正式的和负责任的成员资格。公民身份认同意味着公民对自己生活的共同体表示接受、赞同和承认,并且以自己忠诚共同体的实际行动体现出来,积极地参与共同体的生活,履行共同体赋予公民的责任和义务。语言是存在的家,公民通过语言言说认识自己,辨认自己,进而产生归属感。     

从日常生活言谈及科学理论言谈看同一性的本体论问题

文章介绍了分析哲学中关于同一性的本体论问题的一些解答,特别解释了奎因是怎样从日常生活言谈及科学理论言谈的角度出发得出一种相对同一性的观点的。奎因的工作展示了像同一性这样相对抽象的哲学理论概念如何能够在具体的日常生活及科学实践的语境中得到澄清。在讨论了奎因的非实在论方法在分析的形而上学中的广泛应用之后,作者介绍了麦克道尔对道德投射主义的批判,然后论证麦克道尔的工作可以被用来挑战上述的非实在主义的形而上学理论。     

Identity Styles and Interpersonal Behavior in Emerging Adulthood: The Intervening Role of Empathy

This study examined the intervening role of empathy in the relations between identity styles (i.e., information‐oriented, normative, and diffuse‐avoidant styles), and inter‐personal behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior, self‐ and other‐oriented helping, and physical and relational aggression). In a sample of 341 emerging adults, it was found that an information‐oriented style relates to a more adaptive pattern of interpersonal behaviors whereas a normative or a diffuse‐avoidant identity style relate to a more maladaptive pattern of interpersonal behaviors. Empathy played an intervening role between the information‐oriented style and interpersonal behavior, and between the diffuse‐avoidant style and interpersonal behavior. However, empathy did not intervene between the normative style and interpersonal behavior. Implications for future research are discussed.     

生活世界视域中的公民身份认同探究

生活世界开启了人类活动的空间,同样它以自身的整体性纠正着人类前行道路的偏差,它使得人们在社会之中建构的各种权利获得了合法性和合理性支撑,同样,它促使人们认识到,对共同体的忠诚是公民履行自己的义务和责任,人类必须对生活世界或者栖息之地有归属感和认同感,对自己生活的共同体应该负有责任感,正是这种责任促使人们产生一种生态公民身份,以便人们更好地处理人对自然关系,达到人与自然和谐相处。