生产“社会”,还是社会的自我生产?——以一个NGO的扶贫困境为例

兼具社会改造理想与实践的社会组织,会在其具体的社会行动中与既有的社会－政治结构产生何种碰撞,其结果如何,是理解公益组织社会行动的关键问题。本文从“生产社会”的议题出发,通过对一个社会公益组织的结构特征及其扶贫实践的研究发现,一个具有明确理念与行动目标,以及与之相应的严格制度建设与纪律要求的公益组织,会在具体的实践过程中遭遇到与其目标相反的种种困境。生产社会的目标可能会在组织实践中落空,而该组织甚至会逐渐成为地方社会得以再生产的空间。由此,本文试图回应公益社会实践研究中的重要观点,即实践走向“生产社会”,并希望引发对行动实践效果的反思与关注。     

我国社会慈善事业发展对策的思考

慈善事业作为我国社会保障体系的有机组成部分,是促进社会全面发展、构建社会主义和谐社会的一个战略选择。当前我国慈善事业发展中存在的问题主要表现在全社会尚未形成浓厚的慈善意识、慈善组织建设不够规范、组织自身能力建设不强、缺乏有效的管理与社会监督机制以及相关的法律法规不够健全。其相应的对策应是弘扬慈善文化、促进社会成员的普遍参与、加强慈善组织自身能力建设、完善社会激励机制以及健全政策法规制度。     

连带式制衡：基层组织权力的运作机制

本文揭示了中国基层组织在非正式或半正式治理实践中的内在机制及其社会基础和价值基础。研究发现,村级组织在国家权力体系中的位置构成了乡村治理的部分外部条件和压力,具有普遍性的半正式治理实践中的村级组织权力的运作则根植于乡土社会。乡村治理中,村组干部将各种正式与非正式的资源统筹配置、捆绑连带,主要通过利益和情感等连带方式来规制村民,以完成其治理目标,村民同样也将其需要履行的各种义务与应该享受的各项权利捆绑连带,并主要以责任连带的方式对村组干部实行反制。正是这种治理中双向的连带关系使得干群之间的权利义务达到总体平衡,并保证了乡村社会秩序的形成,笔者将其归结为“连带式制衡”。乡土社会的不规则或规则的多元化是连带式制衡的社会基础,与西方有所差异的中国农民的“捆绑式的权利义务观”则构成了基层组织权力运作的价值基础,两者共同支撑使得“连带式制衡”成为基层组织权力的常规化运作机制。     

我国社会慈善事业发展对策的思考

慈善事业作为我国社会保障体系的有机组成部分,是促进社会全面发展、构建社会主义和谐社会的一个战略选择。当前我国慈善事业发展中存在的问题主要表现在全社会尚未形成浓厚的慈善意识、慈善组织建设不够规范、组织自身能力建设不强、缺乏有效的管理与社会监督机制以及相关的法律法规不够健全。其相应的对策应是弘扬慈善文化、促进社会成员的普遍参与、加强慈善组织自身能力建设、完善社会激励机制以及健全政策法规制度。     

Women,Welfare and Civil Society Organizations: Creating an Alternative Women's Welfare Sphere in Israel

This article examines the phenomenon of Israeli civil society organizations (CSOs) providing services to women as part of the creation of an alternative women's welfare sphere in Israel in recent years, and its influence upon the welfare state and women. The creation and the existence of the women's civil society sphere can be seen as part of a move by the Israeli welfare state towards a liberal‐style economic regime. The article examines the services and mode of operation of fourteen organizations offering welfare, health and educational services to women in Israel, using a qualitative research method. The study identifies four traits characterizing these organizations: their loose connections with the welfare state, the use of sectoral and selective criteria determining eligibility for their services, the mirroring of internal dynamics of the community and its response to gender issues, and the CSOs' holistic, sporadic and unprofessional services. The analysis highlights the gender dimensions of civil society organizations, the characteristics of structure and content of the services they offer, and the role and place of civil society organizations operating parallel to the welfare state. It sheds light on the complex nature of this sphere and its services, which contribute to the empowerment and improvement of women's lives but, simultaneously, strengthen and reinforce their exclusion and marginalization.     

Third Way Social Governance: Where is the State?

The ‘Third Way’ politics of Blair's New Labour government of the United Kingdom has popularised a number of policy reforms centred on a supposedly new discourse of ‘devolution’, ‘inclusion’, ‘partnerships’ and ‘community’. These notions reflect a re‐emergence of the ideas and values of civil society, participation and localism. Key drivers of this discourse are: new conceptions of citizenship; a retreat from the social state to a politics of community; and a questioning of both ‘big‐state’ interventionist and competitive market approaches to public policy. These trends have resonance in the Australian context. The welfare reform agenda of the Australian Commonwealth government together with community building and engagement initiatives of State governments have been sites for these policy directions. Much of the debate surrounding these policies excludes or minimises the fundamental role of an active state by focusing on an uncritical conception of community. Drawing on the notion of network governance, an alternative framework for re‐conceptualising state‐community relations and delivering improved community outcomes is posited. The paper concludes by suggesting possible social governance methodologies for actioning this framework.     

A Study of the Relationship Between Innovation and Performance Among NPOs in Pakistan

Abstract

Innovation has become a core driver for the success and survival of organizations regardless of their size and nature. A plethora of literature has discussed the importance of innovation in profit-based organizations, while nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have generally been ignored in research. This study examines the influence of the sub-dimensions of innovation on the performance of NPOs. Data were collected through structured questionnaires using a sample size of 309 NPOs operating in the emerging market Pakistan. The hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS.21. The results indicate that process innovation and organization innovation have significant positive influence on the performance of NPOs, while product innovation and marketing innovation have insignificant influence on the performance of NPOs. NPOs are advised to give enough attention to process and organization innovation in order to boost their performance. Future researchers are encouraged to test the model in other environmental settings. Implications for practice were discussed.     

Developmental Social Policy,Social Welfare Services and the Non‐profit Sector in South Africa

The potential and challenge of constructing a democratic developmental welfare state through synergistic state‐civil society relations is the focus of this article. The author argues that while South Africa's pluralist approach, involving a leading role for the state in partnership with voluntary organizations, is a viable policy option to address the country's developmental challenges, anomalies between policy proclamations and actual practice raises questions about the efficacy of the partnership model and the gendered nature of welfare provision. Key governance issues and challenges, namely financial policies and institutional capability, underlie current failures in the delivery of welfare and care services, resulting in the non‐realization of these constitutionally guaranteed social rights. Further public action is needed to remedy the situation. Non‐profit organizations can advocate for policy reforms and challenge the instrumental nature of state‐civil relations and the abrogation of state responsibility for welfare services in contemporary South Africa.     

Civil society organizations and participatory local governance in Pakistan: An exploratory study

This paper analyses the extent to which the civil society organizations (CSOs) have influenced the decision‐making of the local government toward the needs and priorities of citizens. In development discourse, civil society organizations hold a significant importance as they are deemed to provide holistic and new ways to ensure participatory local governance. Therefore, their role against the backdrop of their involvement in mobilizing citizens’ involvement and influencing decision‐making in Pakistan calls for further research. This paper aims to fill this gap. Using qualitative research methods, the current paper appraises the role of CSOs in mobilizing public involvement in the decision‐making process of local government institutions of Punjab, Pakistan. The paper finds that the effectiveness of CSOs is very low due to various institutional and political constraints. Motivations for CSOs seeking citizen involvement have been instrumental in nature rather than motivated by participatory principles.     

浅析近代北京慈善组织的救助效果

中国传统的慈善组织在近代发生重大转型。对近代慈善组织的实际救助效果进行评判,不应仅据一时一事的具体效果,还应看其潜在的多重社会影响。本文以北京地区为例,从慈善组织的救助模式及其推广、救助人员的数量与质量、管理方式及其内在弊端等方面,对慈善组织的救助效果进行正反对比性简要分析。     

社会管理创新视阈下民办社会工作服务机构发展的意义与路径

社会变迁与社会转型整体上迅速推进了我国政治、经济、社会、文化的发展进程,而随之出现的社会问题和社会矛盾,给我国社会发展带来了诸多困境与挑战,社会工作也由此迎来了发展机遇。本文立足当前社会转型与变迁的现实,分析民办社工服务组织的现状,探索了社会管理视阈下,我国民办社会工作机构的发展路径,以期为实现社会管理创新战略目标,推进和谐社会建设进程提供参考。     

论社区视野下的慈善事业发展

我国传统社会形成了以"仁"为核心的慈善理念。近代以来,传统慈善理念逐渐消解,而现代慈善理念还未建立。"差序格局"的社会结构、地缘优势和社区精英使社区成为培育现代慈善理念的良好载体。在现代慈善理念的指导下,个人和社区自治组织将是推动社区慈善事业发展的主体。由于个人和社区自治组织不是强势力量,在推进社区慈善事业发展的过程中还需要政府部门和社区工作专家保驾护航。     

物业运作：从国家中分离出来的新公共空间——国家权力过度化与社会权利不足之间的张力

This investigation report mainly displays a new public space of property management with the characteristics of civil society, by analyzing a typical case--Qing Shui Yuan. The new public space has already separated from the state and is managed by both the state and the society together. Position-exceeding power of the state and deficient position-stimulated rights of the society result in the tension between the state and the society. Position-exceeding power is a pivotal perspective to interpret the relation between the state and the society.Instead of paying excessive attention to the institutional construction of civil rights, we should focus on how social rights stimulated by institutions and laws are turned into reality.     

转型社会中的市民社会与政治国家——新国家主义在中国的发展

市民社会与政治国家的关系问题是当今社会重要的理论问题。本文着重从转型社会这一角度来探析市民社会与政治国家的新型关系,并在政治国家至上的前提下,利用国家力量实现市民社会的良性转型和主体力量的转换。本文认为,国家至上,政治国家优于市民社会,即新国家主义的发展。国家要干预市民社会,要有利于国家整体利益的发展,利用国家强制力来推动社会结构的转型,并实现国家的整体利益,这是中国市民社会与政治国家新型关系的主体力量．特。县转趔社会后．中国未来社会发展的主要动力．     

How Social is Social Policy? Fiscal and Market Discourse in North American Welfare States

Long regarded as a 'laggard' among welfare states in advanced industrial countries, the USA may be emerging as a 'leader' in the reformation of social programmes and the relationship between government, the market economy, and civil society. The dissemination and impact of this new orthodoxy is realized, in large part, through discursive practices. Fiscalization and marketization are two processes central to this growing influence of American social policy. Fiscal and market discourse, while not new, have increased in acceptance and influence, and are changing the welfare state from within by altering perceptions of issues, vocabularies used and programme reforms adopted.     

俄罗斯的市民社会诉求与"法治国家"定位

俄罗斯"法治国家"的理论路径是与俄罗斯社会结构转型进程相回应的,并以市民社会为其逻辑起点,即认为市民社会构成了法治国家的社会基础;市民社会的自由、权利和秩序诉求提供了法治国家的价值原则;公民法律意识是法治国家的重要条件和保证.这不仅反映了俄罗斯社会结构转型条件下的法治要求和特有关怀,也反映了俄罗斯国家控制能力衰弱和市民社会"畸变"背景下的法律秩序要求.文章指出,要推进法治,不仅要推进国家和市民社会二元化进程,更重要的是确立二者良性互动关系,而不可简单移植和照搬西方.     

Charity and Social Democracy An Anglo-American Historical Perspective

This paper provides an overview of the history of charity with special reference to Britain and the United States. It focuses on the forces that encouraged charitable work in the past, charity as a form of democratic participation, the shifting relationship of charity to government, and the revival of civil society after the collapse of world socialism in 1989.     

Patterns of Governance: The Curious Case of Non-profit Community Services in Australia

"Community" has taken on a new significance in Australian social policy discourse. Seemingly sound and morally justifiable, in the context of neo-liberalism the language of community positions non-profit delivery of services as superior to state-provided services. As a consequence, non-profit community services are being centrally positioned to mediate the relationship between the state and citizen subjects. In the first part of this paper we trace some of the key historical developments in Australia's welfare state and patterns of governance that are propelling the non-profit sector from the margins to the centre. The second section examines the relationship between Australia's shifting political landscape and the emerging welfare regime. One key feature of this new regime is the attempt to relocate citizenship away from the domain of the state and into that of civil society. The article concludes by sketching out some research themes, focusing, for example, on the impact of devolution of governance in terms of client rights and public accountability.     

民间组织与现代民族国家之构建——1901-1949年中国工商行业性组织功能探析

在现代民族国家建设中,将从前在国家法律规范之外的会馆、公所、同业公会等民间组织纳入了国家控制的目标,并以辅助官治的名义获得了合法性,在近代中国地方社会治理中发挥了重要作用。然而,这些民间组织并非西方民族国家构建经验中的市民社会,而是中国现代国家构建的产物,与其西方的对应物发挥的功能大相径庭。近代中国精英组织网络在地方社会治理中发挥的功能,必须放在中国向现代民族国家转型的宏观视野下考察。在国家基础结构能力薄弱的背景下,国家采取了利用民间组织渗透和嵌入社会,以弥补国家基础性权力不足的策略。由此,国家实现了将合法性基础扩展到社会精英阶层、增强国家渗透能力、平衡社会动员和政治控制、增进国家绩效合理性、提高国家整合程度等目标。但这种利用民间组织构建国家主权的策略,却有着以下缺陷:政策执行效力不稳固;国家渗透能力和支持基础仅限于精英阶层;妨碍了公民权的形成;降低了民间组织的动员能力。最终,这种国家构建策略在新中国建立后被彻底改造旧的社会组织的策略所取代。     

Civil society in Canada: A case study of rural and urban planning contexts

This paper explores the political concept of civil society and its emergence in multi-level rural and urban planning contexts. The first section conceptualizes civil society in the broader context within which it develops and we discuss global civil society to establish the need for a more local and regional focus. We then present considerations for assessing civil society and outline the research approach. The second section presents two case examples: (1) rural civil society in British Columbia, Canada focusing on the socio-political environment that enabled a shift away from conventional top-down, state-led forest management to devolved local control, and; (2) urban civil society in Waterloo Region, Ontario, which illustrates the response of local organizations to the wider socio-economic problems of housing provision in the Region. In both rural and urban contexts, there was longstanding tacit local support for each cause but significant triggers were needed to open policy windows and enable civil society organizations to help shift management ideologies in the forestry and housing sectors. Empowering civil actors through, for example, the devolution of decision making and responsibilities, and the redistribution of resources, helped to foster forms of legitimacy needed for emerging local and regional civil society organizations and networks.