阿拉伯民族的客观时间与主观时间

时间有客观、主观双重含义.人们既生活在根据自然现象划分的客观时间中,也生活在受自己生活经验和思想感情影响的主观时间中.本文探讨的就是阿拉伯人的客观时间和主观时间.     

教师的时间与时间管理

在现实里时间是个不变的常数,永远不会增长,每个人都拥有自己的全部时间,却很少有人拥有足够的时间。每位教师都要建立明确的时间概念,只有这样,才能让自己的工作和生活井井有序,才能让自己每一天都有目标和成就感。本文浅谈了教师的时间与时间管理。     

简论西方哲学中的时间观

西方哲学中对时间的理解有两个维度,早期是从物体运动的角度、客体的角度来理解的;后来从人的主体、主观的角度来理解时间。时间从适用于外在的现象到具有内在的本体的意义,从而时间就具有真正的形而上学的价值。     

时间是否真实存在

关于时间,我们日常生活中接触很多,小时、分钟、秒,我们都说时间一天一天过去了,但是时间是否真实存在呢?本文针对时间是否真实存在的问题,从不同的角度进行了分析。     

引导未成年人正确利用闲暇时间

闲暇生活具有自由、自主的特点,在很大程度上决定大学生的生存状况、生命质量和精神态度。了解现阶段学生闲暇时间的利用与分配状况,测量学生闲暇时间文化精神生活形态,是学校共青团工作有效开展的现实依据之一。本研究通过实证调查,分析归纳学生闲暇时间文化精神生活现状,并以人格特质理论为理论依据,对学生闲暇时间精神文化生活进行交叉分析,考察其动机及行为,从而探索学生闲暇时间文化精神生活的基本规律。     

培养孩子的时间观念

时间概念是比较抽象的,需要孩子随着年龄的增长和生活经验的丰富而慢慢领悟,家长应该遵循孩子时间概念的发展规律而提供适宜的教养环境。     

自由时间：推动人民精神生活共同富裕的新视域

自由时间作为实现个人充分发展的前提和基础，为实现人民精神生活共同富裕提供了可能，它能够激发人的精神需要、助力人的精神生产、推动人的精神交往。新时代，面对人民精神生活共同富裕中存在的自由时间占有不足和利用不当等问题，要坚持人民至上，捍卫自由时间的属人本质以发挥人在精神生活共同富裕中的主体作用；要大力发展生产，创造更多的自由时间以夯实人民精神生活共同富裕的物质基础；要加强思想引领，筑牢自由时间的文明高地以擢升人民精神生活共同富裕的意义层次。     

北京人怎样分配他们的生活时间

根据1996年10月的调查,北京市15岁以上的居民周平均每日工作或学习时间为6小时30分,个人生活必需时间为10小时36分,家务劳动时间为1小时51分,自由支配时间为5小时03分。近年来,北京市居民随着双休日制度的实施,生活方式发生了很大的变化,生活时间分配的格局也随之改变。1996年与1986年相比,     

凸显中小学生的社会时间——提升时间利用效率的有效途径

当前中小学生存在时间利用被异化现象,具体表现在以下两个方面:学生异化为时间的奴隶,时间被异化为工具。针对这些问题,我们要凸显社会时间——社会时间就是生命的存在和感受,也是社会的存在和发展。凸显社会时间有利于中小学生提升时间利用效率,树立正确的价值观,正确处理个人与他人的时间关系。凸显社会时间的具体途径包括:转变观念,树立社会时间观;进行理想教育;学校应该重视社会时间,在教育活动中渗透社会时间意识。     

确立人生目标,懂得时间管理

时间是一种不可逆的资源,大学四年亦是足以改变人生的时间段。确立明确的人生目标,让大学生更系统、有计划的规划大学生活,主动的分配使用有限的时间。分析目前大学生时间管理现状及其成因,较针对的提出相应的策略,解决时间浪费,拖沓等不良习惯,提高效率,排除干扰,合理安排时间。     

Virtual Time

Like space, time takes on different characteristics in the digitized city. The Internet has contributed to a new way of problematizing time as embodied in human agency and social institutions, a time that is produced on a global scale, irrespective of time zones. This essay examines the contours, content and deployment of virtual time and of the cyberweek that it makes possible. It contrasts real time with virtual time to show the malleability of the latter, examines the ways in which the collapse of temporal boundaries and the compression of time-distance have manifested themselves in the cybertiming and flexitiming of the civil week, explores the global and local aspects of the cyberweek, and analyses the practical ramifications of virtual time in the daily life of the digital city.     

Under Pressure: Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Free Time and Feeling Rushed

Free time has the potential to reduce time pressures, yet previous studies paradoxically report increases in free time concurrent with increases in feeling rushed. Using U.S. time diary data from 708 individuals in 1975 and 964 individuals in 1998, we review the evidence on trends in free time and subjective perceptions of feeling rushed, and reexamine the relationship between free time and time pressure. We find that women's time pressure increased significantly between 1975 and 1998 but men's did not. In addition, the effects of objective time constraints vary by gender. Whereas more free time reduces men's perceptions of feeling rushed at both time points, among women, free time marginally reduced time pressure in 1975 but no longer reduced time pressure in 1998. Our findings suggest that persistent inequality in gendered time‐use patterns is paralleled by gendered experiences of time pressure.     

Time together,time apart: An analysis of wives' solitary time and shared time with spouses

The time spouses spend together in household work activities, leisure activities, and in eating are analyzed and compared with the time spent alone by wives in these same activities. The purpose of the analysis is to distinguish between two hypotheses: (a) that the time spent by spouses together in the same activity is charged with extra meaning when compared with the time spent by the wife alone in the same activity; and (b) that the time spent by spouses together in the same activity is a perfect substitute for time spent alone in the same activity by the wife. Multivariate probit, OLS and Tobit analyses are conducted with data taken from the 1977–78 NE-113 Time-Use Data for Louisiana, New York, Utah, and Wisconsin. Statistical tests confirm the hypothesis that shared times in the three activities studied are charged with extra meaning when compared with wives' solitary time in the same activities. Solitary times spent by the wife in the three activities are negatively related with family income. Solitary time spent by wives in household work activities and in leisure activities are positively related to husband's price of time. Spouses' shared times in these activities rise and wives' solitary times fall on weekends.Thanks are due to Bob Avery, Barbara Brown, Robin Douthitt, Jenny Gerner, Jutta Joesch, Sally Lloyd, Cathy Zick, Peter Zorn, members of S-206 Time-Use Regional Committee, the graduate research workshop of the Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, the seminar participants at Utah State University, and the seminar participants of the Department of Family Economics and Management, University of Missouri for stimulating, cautionary, and corrective discussions pertaining to this paper. Any remaining errors and obscurities are the responsibility of the authors.W. Keith Bryant is Professor, Consumer Economics and Housing, 117D Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Dr. Bryant received his Ph.D. from Michigan State University. Yan Wang is MacNamara Post-Doctorate Fellow, The World Bank, Washington, DC. She received her Ph.D. from Cornell University.     

青年白领移民社会适应实证研究

青年白领移民的社会适应状态是该群体能否在所居城市永久居留的重要表征。城市外来移民居留意愿的选择,历来存在客观因素决定论和主观因素决定论两种研究取向。调查发现,青年白领移民生活压力对社会适应具有显著性影响,青年白领移民的平均社会适应水平对青年白领的呈偏低态势,多数的青年白领移民有居留趋向。虽然研究数据一定程度上支持客观因素决定论的研究取向,但决定白领移民是否居留应是主客观因素共同作用的结果,对所在城市的主观认同和归属是青年白领移民真正植根的根本标志。     

Time allocation of one- and two-parent mothers

Using data from one- and two-parent households with two children in rural and urban areas of California, this study analyzes time allocation decisions in market work, household work, and leisure activities among single and married mothers. Results of the seemingly unrelated regression procedures indicate that family structure affects time in household work but not market work or leisure activities. Of the socio-demographic variables, only day of the week explains time allocation to household work, market work, and leisure activities among single and married mothers.This research has been supported by the United States Department of Agriculture through the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station under Southern Regional Project S-206.Teresa Mauldin is an Assistant Professor and Carol B. Meeks is an Associate Professor in the Department of Housing and Consumer Economics, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Dr. Mauldin received her Ph.D. from The Ohio State University and is interested in time use, economic well-being of individuals and families, and family structure. Dr. Meeks also received her Ph.D. from The Ohio State University and her research interests include time use, family structure, and economic aspects of housing.     

Breaking the Time Barrier

This paper examines the cultural implications of the increasing speed and acceleration of technological operation and development. It takes its cue from the notion originally proposed by Ernst Jünger and later taken up by Maurice Blanchot and, more recently, Bernard Stiegler, that we are ‘breaking the time barrier’. For Stiegler this is happening because ‘technics is evolving faster than culture’. This paper examines the beginnings of this idea in the work of Jünger, Blanchot and others and traces its development in the work of Derrida and Stiegler, particularly in relation to the increasing power and ubiquity of digital networks. Finally it proposes that one response to this situation is to be found in the artistic avant‐garde and in the concept of ‘delay’ originally proposed by Marcel Duchamp and taken up by Jean François Lyotard.     

Domestic Outsourcing,Housework Time,and Subjective Time Pressure: New Insights From Longitudinal Data

Hiring household help could reduce housework time and alleviate subjective time pressure. Associations are assumed to be particularly apparent for women because they spend more time on housework than men. But empirical evidence on whether hiring help actually saves time or relieves time pressure is scant and inconclusive, chiefly because of data and methodological limitations. This study improves on earlier ones in that the authors examined panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (n = 5,124 couples) that enable modeling techniques that take account of selection effects, possible reverse causality, and unobserved heterogeneity. Contrary to some earlier studies, the authors show that outsourcing does in fact reduce housework time, narrow gender gaps, and lower women's subjective time pressure. They conclude that domestic outsourcing may save time and reduce subjective pressure for some women, but one consequence may be increased inequality between women who can and cannot afford domestic help.     

Die Auflösung von Schreibblockaden durch Introvision: Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie

The present pilot study explored the structure of writer’s blockades under consideration of the theory of subjective imperatives within an educational-psychological trial. The pilot study had two goals: (1) to test if introvision can be applied to writer’s blockades, and (2) to analyze by means of case studies which subjective imperatives respectively imperativic structures can form the basis of writing blockades. Six student subjects (five female, one male) were counseled individually with the objective of bringing an end to imperative processes that impede writing. The counseling interviews were recorded and transcribed first and subsequently analyzed sentence by sentence on the basis of the ‘theory of (subjective) imperatives’ text analysis method with respect to subjective imperatives, conflict dodging strategies (KUS) and core imperatives. The results revealed layers of subjective imperatives, beginning with imperatives related to writing in the topmost layer. Each of the six subjects showed core imperatives in the bottom layer that were linked to some form of fear of death or similar existential negative emotions and that presumably affect other aspects of live and personality as well.     

Effects of Neighborhood Inequality on the Relative Distance between Objective Position and Subjective Identification

This article is an exploratory attempt to assess the relationship between an individual's objective class position and their subjective class identification and to understand the effects of neighborhood inequality on individual variations. It tests three theses that the relationship between objective class position and subjective identification: is based on reflection, middle-class consciousness or variation. The degree to which neighborhood-level variables impact on the relative distance between objective class position and subjective identification is examined in assessing the possible contextual effects of the spatial setting individuals in which individuals are located. It utilizes 2015 City Policy Index Survey data administered by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and goes through two steps in analysis. First, a correspondence analysis was performed to calculate the relative distance between individuals’ objective position and subjective identification. The relative distance calculated was used as a dependent variable in a multilevel linear model examining the possible cross-level interaction between neighborhood inequality and individual-level variables. The results indicate that the relationship between an individual's objective class position and subjective identification was captured in the variation thesis. Women, and people who are younger, college educated and who hold non-manual occupations are more likely to identify with a position that is lower than their actual position. Neighborhood inequality was found to exaggerate the gap in relative distance scores by gender and occupation.     

Family relationships,social support and subjective life expectancy

Do supportive personal relationships increase subjective life expectancy? The objective existence of family relationships and the subjective sense of having someone to call on in need may increase the length of life a person expects by creating assurance about the future, by reinforcing healthy habits, and by improving current health. Using the 1995 Aging, Status, and Sense of Control representative sample of 2,037 Americans ages 18-95, we find that having adult children and surviving parents increases the length of life one expects, but young children in the home does not, and marriage only contributes years of life expected for older men. People expect to live longer when they report high levels of emotional support, and the association is mediated entirely by the perception that one has someone to call on when one is sick. People with informal health support expect to live longer than those without it, and this is especially true for persons with physical impairments. Although informal health practices shape subjective life expectancy, they explain little of the effects of supportive relationships. People who smoke, drink heavily, and have poor nutritional habits expect shorter lives, and those who walk and exercise expect longer lives. Better current health is associated with higher subjective life expectancy, but it does not explain the impact of supportive relationships. Most of the impact of supportive relationships appears to be a direct result of projected security about the future. Feeling that you have someone who would care for you if sick appears to increase the sense of security about surviving future health crises, thereby increasing one's perceived inventory of the essential property--life itself.