养老金性别差异影响因素分析——以上海城镇“老人”为例

为了了解养老金性别差异的影响因素及各因素的影响程度,通过对2003年上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查原始数据的多元线性回归分析,本研究发现：．女性城镇“老人”在受教育年限、退休年龄和退休前职业等方面较男性城镇“老人”均处于劣势：不同特征女性城镇“老人”养老金整体上低于男性城镇“老人”：退休年龄和受教育年限对养老金的性别差异有较强的解释力;退休年份越晚,养老金的性别差异由退休年龄和受教育年限解释的比重越高。     

退休年龄比较研究

近年来多个国家和地区实施了退休年龄改革,以缓解人口老龄化所带来的养老金支付压力,而我国有关部门也正在研究推迟退休年龄。通过世界172个国家和地区退休年龄的比较,发现我国现行退休年龄制度存在身份差别、低于世界平均水平等不足。根据全球退休年龄改革的趋势,建议我国采取分步走的方式推迟退休年龄。     

退休年龄与养老金支付

退休年龄由各国各地人口的平均寿命以及劳动力供求状况所决定 ,它对养老金的支付有重要影响作用。在人口老龄化日益加剧、劳动力供应日益困难的当今社会 ,不少国家和地区都做出了推迟退休年龄以维持养老基金平衡的政策选择。中国城镇职工退休年龄是几十年前规定的 ,在人口平均寿命不断增长、养老保险制度日益成熟的今天 ,也存在着推迟退休年龄的社会需求和可能条件。文章通过对养老保险制度赡养率、被动率的分析 ,提出了按男女有别、分步到位的原则推迟职工退休年龄的政策建议 ,文章还就一些地区大批办理职工提前退休的做法对养老金支付造成的压力进行了分析     

中国城镇基本养老保险金“年龄缺口”分析——基于延长退休年龄的假设

基于我国目前城镇基本养老保险的制度设计,以及对未来中国人口老龄化的预期,可以说城镇基本养老制度,在未来所要承受巨大的挑战将是毫无疑问的。目前理论界也就此问题提出了各种解决方法以及相关的效用分析。本文通过对“延长法定退休年龄”这一解决基本养老制度压力的途径进行假设,对不同法定退休年龄状态下,从目前到2050年的时间范围内,对我国城镇基本养老保险金的“年龄缺口”进行描述和分析。从而为应对人口老龄化带来的制度压力提供理论支持。     

收益率波动与基本养老保险替代率结构调整

文章运用精算模型比较了收益率波动条件下,基础养老金和个人账户对参与者的经济影响差异,并对我国基本养老保险替代率现行政策进行了实证检验,发现:(1)由不同收益率,可确定不同收入群体对基础养老金和个人账户的偏好差异,从而为不同收入水平人群实施替代率结构调整提出分类标准。(2)收益率较低时提高退休年龄,个人账户激励效果强于基础养老金,因此在收益率波动状况下,提高退休年龄并增加个人账户份额不失为恰当选择。     

延迟退休年龄对居民收入分配的影响——基于异质性代理人的分析

延迟退休年龄是积极应对人口老龄化的重要举措,构建异质性代理人的动态一般均衡模型并使用数值模拟方法分析延迟退休年龄对居民收入分配的影响。研究结果表明,第一,延迟退休年龄缩小了居民收入分配差距。每延迟退休一年,居民收入分配的Gini系数平均降低17%。延迟退休年龄对居民收入分配影响的边际效应是递减的,居民收入分配Gini系数对延迟退休年龄的半弹性随延迟退休年龄的增加而减少。因此,延迟退休年龄有助于实现全体人民的共同富裕。较低的相对风险厌恶系数、较低的养老金替代率和较高的资本产出弹性对应较低的居民收入分配差距。第二,总消费随着延迟退休年龄的增加而增加。居民总消费对延迟退休年龄的半弹性平均为3.92%。较低的相对风险厌恶系数、较高的养老金替代率和较低的资本产出弹性对应较高的居民总消费。第三,延迟退休年龄增加了全体居民的福利。居民总福利对延迟退休年龄的半弹性平均为8.49%,较低的相对风险厌恶系数、较低的资本产出弹性和较高的养老金替代率对应较高的居民总福利和退休居民的平均福利。本文采用的方法对于研究居民收入分配有一定的借鉴意义,研究结论对于理解延迟退休年龄对居民收入分配的影响提供了一个新的视角,...     

“人口老龄化”挑战下国外养老金制度改革模式及其借鉴

考察美、日、英、以色列及智利等国家应对"人口老龄化"挑战的养老金制度的改革经验,总结目前国际上较为成功的养老金改革模式,指出投资互助、基金积累式的养老金制度是目前我国应对"人口老龄化"挑战的现实选择,结合我国养老金体系的运营现状提出进行养老金制度改革的具体政策建议。     

人口老龄化背景下的养老金危机--基于四维的视角

进入21世纪,人口老龄化作为一种全球性趋势正在给世界各国带来巨大的负担和成本,尤其是老龄化带来养老金的收支不平衡以及养老金模式的不可持续,给养老保险体系带来巨大挑战。而深层次的养老金危机深刻地影响着每个国家的财政收支、经济发展,甚至造成对政府的信任危机。以往的研究一般把养老金收支不平衡作为衡量养老金危机的一个重要标准。这种仅仅注重财务、而忽视其安全、公平和信任等因素的分析不利于我们把握养老金改革的重点,也不利于我们对于我国现行人口政策的反思。本文从养老金的财务、安全、公平和信任四个角度去分析我国的养老金危机,并进一步提出了对未来养老金改革应该要注意的一些原则性问题。     

论老龄化过程中我国城镇职工养老保险的可持续发展

伴随着人口老龄化程度的提高 ,改革我国城镇职工的养老保险制度以迎接人口老龄化高峰期的到来 ,已成为当前亟待解决的问题。要实现养老保险的可持续发展 ,就必须重构养老基金筹集模式 ,变部分积累制为完全基金制 ,降低基本养老金替代率 ,实现个人帐户“实帐化”,逐步提高退休年龄 ,并要加强法制建设 ,确保养老保险制度有法可依     

浅析养老保险可持续发展

养老保险可持续发展是指既要解决当前已达到退休年龄的老人的养老问题，又要考虑在职一代在未来的养老问题；养老金的筹集与发放要兼顾养老金的支付能力，不能牺牲养老金的未来支付能力来满足即期支付能力；养老金的筹集必须充分考虑到养老基金承担者的承受能力，即国家、企业单位、家庭、个人四者的承受能力。从横向看，发展养老保险事业要兼顾经济和社会的可持续发展，不能超越经济社会的发展状况，否则将不利于经济可持续发展和社会进步。从纵向看，要兼顾当代人与后代人的养老问题，不能“寅吃卯粮”。随着我国人口老龄化高峰期的即将到…     

关于退休年龄的思考

本文主要论述了在人口老龄化进程加快的情况下,我国退休年龄的规定、退休现状、推迟法定退休年龄的必要性、可行性,以及推迟退休年龄的方案。     

The graying of Japan

Japan's rapidly aging population has become a top policy issue, especially as the increasing costs of pensions and medical care are debated. With the highest life expectancy on earth, the Japanese potentially face long periods of retirement, as well as the possibility of long periods of disability. Although family support of the elderly is thought to have been strong traditionally, the recent decline in co-residence with children is 1 indication that the way support is given may be changing. This issue is of particular concern to the government, which wants to avoid any greater responsibility for the elderly than is necessary given the dramatic population aging yet to come. The government is also encouraging employers to provide more employment opportunities for the elderly at the same time that it is trying to raise the eligibility age for the receipt of public pensions. There is resistance on the part of employers, however, because wages and retirement allowances in Japan are positively related to length of employment. Furthermore, it is not clear whether elderly Japanese of the future will be as willing to work, if they learn to enjoy increased leisure early in their careers. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that population aging will lead to Japan's economic decline. Although the savings rate may decline somewhat, restructuring of the economy and continued overseas investment should keep the economy growing in the long run. Important in both the care of the frail elderly and the continued growth of the economy will be the roles played by middle-aged Japanese women.     

我国应谨慎出台延迟退休政策

随着人口老龄化程度的加深,延迟退休年龄的话题近年来络绎不绝地出现在各大报章,同时在网络上引起热烈讨论,提高退休年龄似乎已势在必行。然而从我国现阶段的基本国情出发,延迟退休的政策应从长计议,谨慎出台。本文从延迟退休年龄与养老保险制度、老年人力资源利用、劳动力就业三方面的关系出发,论述了延长退休年龄应注意的几个问题,并提出对策建议。     

Women and retirement planning: towards the "feminization of poverty" in an aging Hong Kong

Hong Kong's population is aging but retirement research is largely missing from the research agenda in Hong Kong. This study, based on a telephone survey of 1,078 respondents, examines middle-aged adult's retirement planning activities in Hong Kong. The findings show men are more likely to be involved in financial planning, while women are more likely to take part in some forms of health, living arrangement and psychological planning for retirement. Further, there are age, education and income differences in the various forms of retirement planning activities within genders. Women are living longer; because of their lack of financial retirement planning, they are prime candidates for poverty. The discussion concludes with policy implications related to assisting midlife individuals, in particular women, in planning for retirement.     

Utilitarian pension and retirement policies under population ageing

Under population ageing some adjustment of pension and retirement policies will usually be required. This paper considers the issue within a simple utilitarian model, for alternative types of pension finance. When specific adjustments to population ageing are necessary, changes in the retirement age are preferred to changes in pensions or contributions.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the ESPE Congress, Rotterdam, September 1987.     

Women and Retirement Planning: Towards the “Feminization of Poverty” in an Aging Hong Kong

ABSTRACT

Hong Kong's population is aging but retirement research is largely missing from the research agenda in Hong Kong. This study, based on a telephone survey of 1,078 respondents, examines middle-aged adult's retirement planning activities in Hong Kong. The findings show men are more likely to be involved in financial planning, while women are more likely to take part in some forms of health, living arrangement and psychological planning for retirement. Further, there are age, education and income differences in the various forms of retirement planning activities within genders. Women are living longer; because of their lack of financial retirement planning, they are prime candidates for poverty. The discussion concludes with policy implications related to assisting midlife individuals, in particular women, in planning for retirement.     

Economic Report of the President: Strengthening Retirement Security

The 2002 Annual Report of the US Council of Economic Advisers (a 448‐page document, formally an Annex to the Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress February 2002, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office) offers an extended discussion (Chapter 2, pp. 65–97) of the topic of “strengthening retirement security.” The increasing salience of the subject is driven in part by demographic factors: increasing life expectancy at older ages and the concomitant change toward an older age distribution amplified by lower fertility. The report notes the “monumental demographic shift” that is taking place in the United States: “Over the next 35 years, the number of workers for every retiree will fall from 3.3 to just 2.1—a 36 percent drop.” The opening sections of Chapter 2 are reproduced below. They address two main subjects. First, the various rationales for a national retirement system as a proper function of government are presented. In the United States such a system is the institution of Social Security. Second, the various sources of income for elderly households are described. Social Security is the largest among these, but not predominant: in 1998 it amounted to some 38 percent of total income. Nonpublic sources—labor earnings, asset income, and private pensions—each make up sizeable shares of income for the elderly. (Income from public assistance is a small fraction of the total, yet it represents a significant element of income for elderly persons with little or no income from other sources.) Demographic trends, the report suggests, make it imperative that in the future Americans “take even greater responsibility for their own retirement security by increasing their personal saving.”     

Population Aging and the Rising Cost of Public Pensions

Rapid population aging is raising concerns about the sustainability of public pension systems in high‐income countries. The first part of this study identifies the four factors that determine trends in public pension expenditures: population aging, pension benefit levels, the mean age at retirement, and the labor force participation rate. The second part presents projections to 2050 of the impact of demographic trends on public pension expenditures in the absence of changes in pension benefits, labor force participation, and age at retirement. These projections demonstrate that current trends are unsustainable, because without reforms population aging will produce an unprecedented and harmful accumulation of public debt. A number of projection variants assess the potential impact of policy options aimed at improving the sustainability of public pension systems. Although the conventional responses are considered, particular attention is given to the demographic options of encouraging higher fertility and permitting more immigration. This analysis is illustrated with data from the seven largest OECD countries.     

年龄分层视角下的中国劳动力

在全社会关于“延迟退休”的热议之下,本文利用2012年中国劳动力动态调查,分析了不同年龄层劳动力的特征,调查结果显示,我国高龄劳动力素质低、收入低,全职就业及劳动合同签订比例皆低,同时,他们更看重工作的谋生价值.基于不同年龄层劳动力状态的对比,本文为提高领取养老金年龄、延迟退休年龄的渐进实现问题提出一些建议.     

老龄化背景下基于个人效用最大化的

我国进入老龄化社会后,又以较快的速度即将进入超老龄化社会,社会保障基金的支付压力持续加剧,从而不得不采取有效的应对措施.本文基于个人效用最大化原理,通过考虑工资回报率、劳动者区分因子等变量,建立三状态的最优退休年龄模型.在此基础上,对比脑力劳动者与体力劳动者的不同退休倾向,并依据中国人口平均预期寿命的变化,从各省市的角度对1990年、2000年、2010年的最优退休年龄分布特点进行比较分析.结果表明:脑力劳动者的最优退休年龄应以高于体力劳动者1-2年为宜;北京、上海等经济强省可率先推行延迟退休年龄的政策,贵州、云南等地可较小幅度延迟或滞后延迟.