面向供应节点失效的供应链应急策略研究

针对突发事件导致的某供应节点失效的三级供应链应急问题,提出了启用备选供应商、修复失效供应商和重新优化供应计划的综合应急策略;建立了基于客户需求情景的多时段供应中断应急计划随机模型,该模型考虑了缺货惩罚成本、备选供应商启用成本与失效供应商修复成本之间的平衡,通过突发事件后在不同时段的应急策略方案选择和供应计划再优化实现供应链期望运作成本最小。最后案例分析验证了供应中断应急计划模型的有效性。     

货币供给效用与最优货币供应规则

考察在过去的几十年里, 中国的货币供给、物价上涨和经济增长之间的动态因果关系.分析的目的有两个: 第一, 试图理清在不同的经济发展阶段, 不同的货币供应量层次(信贷总量、M 0、M 1、M 2 等) 和主要宏观经济变量: 物价与经济增长(或国民收入) 之间的内在因果联系; 第二, 根据货币变量与物价、经济增长变量的动态因果关系, 利用动态规划的方法分析计算我国货币供应量最优控制目标.     

遗传算法求解供应链协作供应问题

本文给出一个多供应点、多产品和多需求点的供应链协作供应问题的模型,对于这样一个复杂的组合优化问题,通过设计合适的编码方案和相应的遗传算子,提出了一个改进遗传算法的求解方案,最后通过一个算例说明该方法的可行性和有效性.     

Managing Disruptions in Decentralized Supply Chains with Endogenous Supply Process Reliability

Supply disruptions are all too common in supply chains. To mitigate delivery risk, buyers may either source from multiple suppliers or offer incentives to their preferred supplier to improve its process reliability. These incentives can be either direct (investment subsidy) or indirect (inflated order quantity). In this study, we present a series of models to highlight buyers’ and suppliers’ optimal parameter choices. Our base‐case model has deterministic buyer demand and two possibilities for the supplier yield outcomes: all‐or‐nothing supply or partial disruption. For the all‐or‐nothing model, we show that the buyer prefers to only use the subsidy option, which obviates the need to inflate order quantity. However, in the partial disruption model, both incentives—subsidy and order inflation—may be used at the same time. Although single sourcing provides greater indirect incentive to the selected supplier because that avoids order splitting, we show that the buyer may prefer the diversification strategy under certain circumstances. We also quantify the amount by which the wholesale price needs to be discounted (if at all) to ensure that dual sourcing strategy dominates sole sourcing. Finally, we extend the model to the case of stochastic demand. Structural properties of ordering/subsidy decisions are derived for the all‐or‐nothing model, and in contrast to the deterministic demand case, we establish that the buyer may increase use of subsidy and order quantity at the same time.     

Supply chain contract evolution

This paper draws together theories from organisational and neo-institutional literatures to address the evolution of supply chain contracts. Using a longitudinal case study of the Norwegian State Railways, we examine how firms move through the stages in an inter-organisational process of supply chain contract evolution and how they can cooperate to ensure efficiency and equity in their contractual relationship. The findings suggest that inefficient and inequitable initial contracts can occur, in part, because of the cognitive shortcomings in human decision-making processes that reveal themselves early in the arrangement before learning and trust building can accumulate. We then reveal how parties can renegotiate towards a more equitable and efficient supply chain contract.     

打造高效利用能源的供应链

随着能源价格、能源储备，以及气候变化等问题逐渐在全球范围内引起关注，越来越多的公司开始把注意力转向一个长久不为人重视，但能源消耗却是最为严重的地方——供应链。简单来说，供应链是一个集生产和分销于一体的网络，它包括原料采购、产品制造、运输、分销、消费和废物处理等各个环节。     

两级供应链中供应中断情形下零售商转运策略

考虑由两个供应商和两个零售商组成的两级供应链系统,且两个供应商以一定概率发生供货中断,基于供应商供货发生中断的四种情形,分别对零售商实施相互转运策略、单向转运策略和不转运策略下建立最优订货决策模型。从理论上比较了三种策略下零售商期望利润和订货量高低,并分析相互转运和单向转运策略下零售商期望利润和订货量与转运价格、转运成本之间的关系,最后运用算例进行验证,同时分析了三种策略下,供应中断概率和其它主要参数的变化对零售商期望利润和最优订货量的影响。     

Dynamic Female Labor Supply

The increase in female employment and participation rates is one of the most dramatic changes to have taken place in the economy during the last century. However, while the employment rate of married women more than doubled during the last 50 years, that of unmarried women remained almost constant. To empirically analyze these trends, we estimate a female dynamic labor supply model using an extended version of Eckstein and Wolpin (1989) to compare the various explanations in the literature for the observed trends. This dynamic model provides a much better fit to the life‐cycle employment pattern than a static version of the model and a standard static reduced form model (Heckman (1979)). The main finding using the dynamic model is that the rise in education levels accounts for about 33 percent of the increase in female employment, and the rise in wages and narrowing of the gender wage gap account for another 20 percent, while about 40 percent remains unexplained by observed household characteristics. We show that this unexplained portion can be empirically attributed to cohort‐specific changes in preferences or the costs of child‐rearing and household maintenance. Finally, the decline in fertility and the increase in divorce rates account for only a small share of the increase in female employment rates.     

绿色供应链管理

为了帮助企业既满足国际社会提出的越来越高的环境要求,又能有效地降低环境成本,介绍一种新的战略管理模式.它通过把环境管理融入到整个供应链管理中去,从而提高企业管理的经济效益和环境效益.     

Sustainable Supply Network Management

This article presents an overview of current practices in managing sustainability (social, ethical, environmental) issues in supply networks. It is based on an examination of eight economic sectors in Europe and North America, including utilities, transport, information and communication technology (ICT), retail, tourism and leisure, construction, chemicals and the public sector. It was found that for the vast majority of organisations, the incorporation of sustainability issues is a new area of activity and many have yet to begin managing them in their supply networks. Of those that are active, most have so far only focused on environmental issues. This is largely due to the presence of external environmental drivers, such as legislation, market pressure and media attention, and a lack of external pressures for social and ethical issues in most sectors. So far, tools and strategies have predominantly focused on the procurement process and the management of corporate risk. However, cutting edge organisations are exploring partnership approaches for sharing knowledge, solving shared problems and harnessing opportunities for competitive advantage.     

供应中断风险下OEM供应链弹性运作与提升策略

供应中断是OEM供应链中企业面临的主要风险。本文基于供应链弹性分析的角度，将OEM供应链弹性运作问题描述为多变量耦合控制模型，构建了可变结构的弹性控制系统，研究了在供应中断风险冲击下OEM供应链弹性交互影响机制。在此基础上，提出了一种有针对性的提升供应链弹性的深度学习机制，此算法比传统的BP神经网络更加能够提高供应链绩效，并结合案例进行验证。研究结果表明：当供应中断发生时，深度学习算法可有效提升OEM供应链弹性，最大程度减轻企业损失。     

考虑供应风险和生产成本不确定性的供应链动态决策研究

考虑到供应风险和生产成本的不确定性,本文研究了买方或卖方实施努力既可能改善供应可靠性,同时又可能降低生产成本的供应链最优决策问题。分别构建了制造商努力和供应商努力的两阶段动态决策模型。分析了提升供应可靠性和降低成本的概率对两种模型中的最优采购数量、最优努力程度和上下游期望收益以及供应链期望收益的影响。同时在两种模型的比较中发现,制造商的最优努力与供应商的最优努力之间的差异与收益分享系数有关。相同努力效果下,制造商努力时的最优采购数量总是不小于供应商努力时的最优采购数量。相比供应商努力,制造商努力更有利于增加其自身的期望收益。然而,供应商以及整个供应链的期望收益却可能在供应商努力时更高。     

The Effect of the Supply of Subsidized Day-care Facilities on Female Labour Supply

ABSTRACT: In this article the hypothesis that a higher level of subsidized day-care facilities leads to an increase in female labour supply is tested for the Netherlands on the basis of two surveys. The results show that (allowing for the women's wage rate, her non-labour income, her age, and the presence of children) labour supply is higher when subsidized day-care supply is higher. However, after including variables that reflect social norms the effect of day-care supply on female labour supply, though still positive and significant, becomes much weaker.     

供应突发事件下基于CVaR的供应链订货决策及协调

供应突发事件下,引入条件风险值(conditional value at risk-CVa R)刻画了零售商的运营目标,构建了收益共享契约下的供应链订货模型,着重研究了CVa R下的供应链协调及零售商最优订货量对供应商可靠性及对其自身的风险规避系数的敏感性。研究表明:收益共享契约具有一定的鲁棒性,能协调突发事件风险下的供应链;风险规避型零售商的最优订货量总是不小于风险中性情况,且风险规避程度越高,订货量越大;最优订货量对供应商可靠性均值的敏感性不依赖于零售商的风险规避程度,且均值越小,最优订货量越大,这与风险中性情况是类似的;最优订货量对供应商可靠性标准差的敏感性则依赖于零售商的风险规避程度,当零售商的风险规避程度较高时,供应可靠性标准差越大,最优订货量越大,这与风险中性情况是相反的。     

供应链、逆向供应链系统的定价策略模型

本文对基于单一制造商和单一零售商构成的供应链、逆向供应链系统进行了研究,应用博弈理论对供应链、逆向供应链系统的定价策略进行了分析,分别得出非合作博弈的均衡解和合作博弈的均衡解,进一步对各种定价策略的效率进行了分析.另外,给出了便于实际操作的协调方法.     

Supply Diversification with Responsive Pricing

We study sourcing and pricing decisions of a firm with correlated suppliers and a price‐dependent demand. With two suppliers, the insight—cost is the order qualifier while reliability is the order winner—derived in the literature for the case of exogenously determined price and independent suppliers, continues to hold when the suppliers' capacities are correlated. Moreover, a firm orders only from one supplier if the effective purchase cost from him, which includes the imputed cost of his unreliability, is lower than the wholesale price charged by his rival. Otherwise, the firm orders from both. Furthermore, the firm's diversification decision does not depend on the correlation between the two suppliers' random capacities. However, its order quantities do depend on the capacity correlation, and, if the firm's objective function is unimodal, the total order quantity decreases as the capacity correlation increases in the sense of the supermodular order. With more than two suppliers, the insight no longer holds. That is, when ordering from two or more suppliers, one is the lowest‐cost supplier and the others are not selected on the basis of their costs. We conclude the paper by developing a solution algorithm for the firm's optimal diversification problem.     

供应链中的角色竞争

本文在确定性需求的假设下,基于销售商竞争地位的不同,对由一个制造商和两个供应商组成的供应链进行分析,得出了销售商谋求不同竞争地位应满足的不同条件,比较了不同竞争地位情况下相对应的社会福利、消费者剩余和产业利润等.     

供应链契约研究进展

总结、分析和归纳了供应链契约研究的起源和发展演变过程,然后将当前研究的供应链契约进行分类,并建立了几种典型供应链契约的基本数学模型。在此基础上,进一步探讨了各供应链契约在供应链协调中的作用机理和协调方式,最后指出了供应链契约研究的发展趋势。     

Reliable Supply Chain Network Design

Risk management in supply chains has been receiving increased attention in the past few years. In this article, we present formulations for the strategic supply chain network design problem with dual objectives, which usually conflict with each other: minimizing cost and maximizing reliability. Quantifying the total reliability of a network design is not as straightforward as total cost calculation. We use reliability indices and develop analytical formulations that model the impact of upstream supply chain on individual entities’ reliability to quantify the total reliability of a network. The resulting multiobjective nonlinear model is solved using a novel hybrid algorithm that utilizes a genetic algorithm for network design and linear programming for network flow optimization. We demonstrate the application of our approach through illustrative examples in establishing tradeoffs between cost and reliability in network design and present managerial implications.