考虑行为因素的报童问题研究综述

本研究将已有考虑行为因素报童问题研究按实证研究与数学建模研究分析发现,实证研究通过主要研究"趋近平均需求"偏差产生的原因及改善方法;数学建模研究在经典报童模型的基础上考量风险态度、损失厌恶、后悔厌恶等行为因素对的影响,最后指出未来研究的基本思路。     

供应链的库存管理VMI

供应商管理库存(VMI)是一种集成化供应链管理模式,作为供应商和用户企业的中介,第三方物流企业参与VMI库存管理能起到整合资源、降低成本、提高服务水平和降低风险的作用。为此对基于VMI的第三方物流企业仓储管理系统进行了需求分析和功能结构设计。     

供应链库存合约研究

研究了制造商与其供应商的供应链最优库存策略和在非合作情况下的库存策略,比较分析了两种情况下的库存策略,并设计了库存合约;分析表明,制造商通过设计有效的转移支付合约,可以实现供应链库存的最优化。     

浅析供应链条件下的库存管理

库存管理一直以来是供应链管理的重要内容,库存管理的水平一定程度上反映了供应链管理水平的高低。随着经济全球化的不断推进,跨国企业及集团性企业在世界各地建立生产基地、物流配送中心、分销中心以及跨国原材料供应产业链,于是供应链环境下的库存管理水平也就直接影响到企业的现金流物流的顺畅及企业的盈利水平,于是这一课题已经被越来越多企业重点关注。     

供应商管理库存的技术及应用研究

传统的库存管理模式是各自为政的,缺乏沟通和共享,使得整个供应链上的库存大量积压,而VMI能够较好地解决这个问题,并增加整个供应链的效益。本文通过对VMI概念、实施原则、实施步骤的介绍,使人们对VMI有一个总体的认识。最后,通过一个实例,介绍了VMI在制造业供应链上的应用。     

基于系统动力学的库存管理研究

在讨论系统动力学相关理论及其应用现状的基础上,研究了供应商代管库存模式(VenderManagedInventory,VMI)的管理思想,并借助建模平台STELLAithink,建立了供应链环境下库存管理的系统动力学仿真模型,并对模型的运行和模拟结果进行了分析。     

探究供应链环境下盾构企业采购及库存管理

现如今,伴随着时代经济的飞速发展,企业发展规模不断扩大,对于如何做好盾构企业的采购和库存管理始终是各个企业关注的焦点之一。而供应链环境下,企业往往依据于相邻的下游企业的需求对生产和供应进行有针对性的决策,本文研究分析供应链环境下盾构企业采购和库存管理时,首先分析了传统盾构企业库存管理的基本方法,其次分析了盾构企业采购和库存管理的现状和问题,最后基于供应链环境下分析了盾构企业采购和库存管理的具体策略。     

供应商管理库存应对突发事件

本文研究短生命周期供应链,它由一个生产商和一个销售商组成,供应商替销售商管理库存。首先指出供应商管理库存同样存在激励冲突,出现双边际效应,即分权决策下供应商的存货量小于供应链利润最大的库存量。接下来,提出一个使供应链达到合作的合约--未售货物补偿合约,即,销售商要对没有售完的货物进行补偿。该合约具有参数简单,管理费用低,且能将供应链利润在供应商和销售商之间任意分配。然后研究当突发事件导致供应商的生产费用(包括采购费用,运输费用等)发生变化对供应链的影响。最后,提出一个能应对突发事件并使供应链达到合作的合约。利用数值例子说明合约的价值。     

集成化物流管理中库存路径问题研究综述

综合国内外多种参考文献,介绍了IRP的基本概念及其主要特征,从常见模型、求解策略及算法2个维度综述了当前国内外关于IRP的主要研究进展,最后指出了该研究领域在未来研究中应予以重视的几个研究方向,为进一步的研究奠定了基础.     

浅析企业库存管理

库存是企业的重要资产.本文对库存管理的主要形式、企业库存管理存在的问题、加强企业库存管理的对策进行研究,进一步说明库存管理对企业的重要性.     

How to Compete Against a Behavioral Newsvendor

We investigate newsvendor ordering behavior under competition. We present a laboratory experiment that documents the behavioral ordering regularities in competitive newsvendor environments, and an analytical model extending the standard theory of newsvendor competition by including an optimal best‐response policy for competing with a behaviorally biased newsvendor. We test the effectiveness of this policy using an out‐of‐sample experiment and find that it results in improved market share, service level and profitability.     

Durability,Transit Lags,and Optimality of Inventory Management Decisions

Two laboratory experiments on a single‐echelon inventory task show that inventory durability interacts with transit lags to create order volatility that exceeds demand volatility. Thus, inventory durability and transit lags cause managers to deviate from inventory decision optimality. Durability creates a large increase in order volatility because players adjust orders insufficiently to reflect current inventory and backlogs, much as they adjust orders insufficiently to reflect holding and backlog costs in newsvendor studies (e.g., Schweitzer and Cachon 2000). Transit lags exacerbate non‐optimal ordering by interfering with players' ability to correct prior errors. Our results suggest that non‐optimal inventory decisions can be driven by inventory and supply chain characteristics, even in the absence of the coordination and information sharing problems studied by Croson et al. (2005) and Sterman (1989a,b). We also examine the influence of features related to personality. We find little evidence that the interactive effects of durability and transit lags are altered by need for cognition, impulsiveness, or locus of control, suggesting that these features make supply chain management extremely difficult. These results imply that retailers and their upstream partners must consider the characteristics of their product and supply chains when interpreting demand signals received from downstream partners.     

Supply Chain Contract Design: Impact of Bounded Rationality and Individual Heterogeneity

In this article, we model various forms of non‐optimizing behavior in a newsvendor setting, including biases such as recency, reinforcement, demand chasing, and anchoring, as well as unsystematic decision errors. We assume that a newsvendor may evaluate decisions by examining both past outcomes and future expected payoffs. Our model is motivated by laboratory observations under several types of supply chain contracts. Ordering decisions are found to follow multi‐modal distributions that are dependent on contract structures and incentives. We differ from previous research by using statistics to determine which behavioral factors are applicable to each decision maker. A great deal of heterogeneity was discovered, indicating the importance of calibrating a contract to the individual. Our analysis also shows that the profit performance and the effectiveness of co‐ordinating contracts can be affected by non‐optimizing behaviors significantly. We conclude that, in addition to the aggregate order quantities, the decision distributions should be considered in designing contracts.     

Exploring Framing Effects in Inventory Control Decisions: Violations of Procedure Invariance

Recent research on decision framing has shown that (i) there are multiple types of framing effects and (ii) the context of the decision can influence framing effects. This research examines decision framing effects in inventory control contexts by questioning the assumption of procedure invariance, that preference should not be impacted by how options are presented to a supply chain manager making an inventory control decision. Study 1 uses three single‐shot decision experiments to establish that all three types of framing effects identified by Levin et al. ( 1998 ) apply in basic inventory control contexts. Results were consistent with theory in all three cases. Given this evidence that framing effects have potential to impact inventory control decisions, two laboratory experiments in Study 2 utilize multi‐period decision tasks to demonstrate that framing effects can impact performance in a dynamic inventory decision setting similar to practice. One of the experiments in Study 2 was conducted with student subjects, while the other with inventory managers from a large retail firm. Results from both experiments provide evidence that even when initial framing effects on order quantities fade, there can be longer term effects on inventory levels and performance. Furthermore, these effects are robust to education and professional experience. The findings suggest that although a manager might select appropriate inventory control metrics, prudence must be exercised in the presentation of these metrics, and that mere presentation can be used to alleviate known human biases in inventory control decisions.     

Quantifying the effectiveness of VMI and integrated inventory management in a supply chain with uncertain lead-times and uncertain demands

This article considers the inventory management problem in a supply chain with uncertain replenishment lead-times and uncertain demands. The optimal integrated inventory management (IIM) policy is developed using stochastic dynamic programming theory. The IIM policy is contrasted with two pull-type vendor-managed inventory policies (VMI-1 and VMI-2) and a traditional retailer-managed inventory policy (RMI). Computational results show that in such stochastic supply chains, IIM performs about 23, 15, and 3% better than the optimised RMI, VMI-1 and VMI-2 policies, respectively, while two VMI policies are about 8 and 20% better than the best RMI. The basestock-based VMI-2 is a very good form of VMI. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the replenishment lead-times have the largest effect on the relative performance between IIM and other policies. Numerical examples demonstrated that the IIM policy has good structural properties and can be characterised by a set of switching curves.     

Revenue Management vs. Newsvendor Decisions: Does Behavioral Response Mirror Normative Equivalence?

We study and compare decision‐making behavior under the newsvendor and the two‐class revenue management models, in an experimental setting. We observe that, under both problems, decision makers deviate significantly from normative benchmarks. Furthermore, revenue management decisions are consistently higher compared to the newsvendor order quantities. In the face of increasing demand variability, revenue managers increase allocations; this behavior is consistent with normative patterns when the ratio of the selling prices of the two customer segments is less than 1/2, but is its exact opposite when this ratio is greater than 1/2. Newsvendors' behavior with respect to changing demand variability, on the other hand, is consistent with normative trends. We also observe that losses due to leftovers weigh more in newsvendor decisions compared to the revenue management model; we argue that overage cost is more salient in the newsvendor problem because it is perceived as a direct loss, and propose this as the driver of the differences in behavior observed under the two problems.     

Order Stability in Supply Chains: Coordination Risk and the Role of Coordination Stock

The bullwhip effect describes the tendency for the variance of orders in supply chains to increase as one moves upstream from consumer demand. We report on a set of laboratory experiments with a serial supply chain that tests behavioral causes of this phenomenon, in particular the possible influence of coordination risk. Coordination risk exists when individuals' decisions contribute to a collective outcome and the decision rules followed by each individual are not known with certainty, for example, where managers cannot be sure how their supply chain partners will behave. We conjecture that the existence of coordination risk may contribute to bullwhip behavior. We test this conjecture by controlling for environmental factors that lead to coordination risk and find these controls lead to a significant reduction in order oscillations and amplification. Next, we investigate a managerial intervention to reduce the bullwhip effect, inspired by our conjecture that coordination risk contributes to bullwhip behavior. Although the intervention, holding additional on‐hand inventory, does not change the existence of coordination risk, it reduces order oscillation and amplification by providing a buffer against the endogenous risk of coordination failure. We conclude that the magnitude of the bullwhip can be mitigated, but that its behavioral causes appear robust.     

Changing risk preferences in supply chain inventory decisions

The risk preferences of managers may cause their inventory ordering decisions to deviate from the optimal policy. Past studies in operations management have produced mixed results. This study examines this proposition using decision data collected from a supply chain experiment. This article finds that changing the risk preferences of managers with respect to demand changes and supplier failures is a significant behavioural factor in explaining deviations in ordering decisions. This result provides an additional behavioural cause in explaining the bullwhip effect in supply chains. It also provides insights on the challenges for reducing the bullwhip effect in supply chains.     

Editorial for special issue on: humanitarian operations management

Abstract

Over the past decades, there has been increasing interest in studying humanitarian operations management. The mismatch between global humanitarian needs and the resources available, together with chronic vulnerability in many parts of the world, continues to have a direct bearing on the lives of millions of people in need of assistance. It also means that donors have to re-double their efforts to respond to disasters in a more efficient and effective manner. International humanitarian organizations (IHOs) often deal with a mix of disaster response and development programmes simultaneously. This operational mix entails disaster cycle management challenges such as project and programme planning of multi-objective global logistics, balancing earmarked donations for disaster response with budget needs for development programmes, and determining the push-pull boundaries in the supply chain, particularly with the increase in cash transfer programmes. The main purpose of this special issue is to report on research in humanitarian operations management. This special issue attempts to explore and examine the above topical issues at strategic, operational and technical levels.