基于 B2B电子交易市场的零售商最优订购策略

B2B电子交易市场能够为企业提供现货交易、远期合约交易以及产能期权合约交易等交易服务.B2B电子交易市场中交易的期权合约在签订后至到期日之前可再次交易.以此为背景研究了零售商最优采购策略.研究结果表明, 期权合约可再次交易为供应链中的零售商提供新的投机渠道, 显著地提高了零售商对期仅合约的采购数量, 而对与固定供应商签订的长期合约采购数量的影响不明显, 因此零售商在线下与网上市场的总订货量将有所增加.最后, 对供应链中的采购者、供应商以及第三方 B2B电子交易市场提出建议.     

欺压与风险分担:B2B电子交易市场环境下均衡策略分析

B2B电子交易市场为生产商和零售商提供了新的销售和采购渠道,从而改变了传统供应链结构.在考虑了随机需求和随机电子市场交易价格的基础上,文章研究了在B2B电子交易市场环境下单一生产商和单一零售商组成供应链的最优策略.在销售期之前,生产商首先决定批发价格和生产数量;作为跟随者,零售商决定零售价格和订购数量.在销售期,生产商和零售商可以在B2B电子交易市场中交易.研究结果表明,对于零售商,B2B电子交易市场可以作为投机市场或者第二采购渠道,而生产商在定价策略中通过欺压目的或者风险分担目的来进行风险管理.     

股指期货保证金水平设置比较研究—基于Hill及VaR-x估计法

在电子交易市场具有流动性约束的限制下,研究了供应链企业基于运作和投机的目的,签订期权合约和电子市场现货交易的最优策略。设计了由一个生产商、一个零售商和一个第三方B2B电子交易市场组成的供应链,以生产商为供应链主导,在产能不限和产能较小两种情况下,研究了生产商和零售商的均衡策略,并对现货价格和零售需求服从均匀分布情形做了进一步探讨。最后通过模型和算例,讨论了电子市场现货流动性对参与者行为和供应链均衡结果的影响。     

供应链中期权合约与混合合约决策选择北大核心CSCDCSSCI

研究由单供应商和单零售商组成的二级供应链,面对不确定的市场需求,零售商可以通过期权合约或混合合约(期权合约与远期合约的组合)向供应商订购产品.通过建立Stackelberg博弈模型,求解两种合约形式下零售商的最优采购决策与供应商的最优定价决策.亦从供应商和零售商的不同视角比较了两种合约.结果显示,供应商倾向采用期权合约销售产品,即使在混合合约背景下,供应商也会通过提高远期合约价格来阻止零售商通过远期合约采购产品.而零售商通过期权合约采购时收益能否提升则会受到期权执行价格和产品残值的影响.     

供应链中期权合约与混合合约决策选择

研究由单供应商和单零售商组成的二级供应链,面对不确定的市场需求,零售商可以通过期权合约或混合合约(期权合约与远期合约的组合)向供应商订购产品。通过建立 Stackelberg 博弈模型,求解两种合约形式下零售商的最优采购决策与供应商的最优定价决策。亦从供应商和零售商的不同视角比较了两种合约。结果显示,供应商倾向采用期权合约销售产品,即使在混合合约背景下,供应商也会通过提高远期合约价格来阻止零售商通过远期合约采购产品。而零售商通过期权合约采购时收益能否提升则会受到期权执行价格和产品残值的影响。     

B2B电子市场对零售商最优策略影响研究

在假定零售商是风险厌恶的前提下,研究了零售商参与B2B电子市场交易时的最优订购和定价策略;在此基础上,运用数值例子分析了B2B电子市场对零售商最优策略及其期望效用的影响.研究表咀,参与B2B电子市场的零售商承担了更大的风险,并且只有在一定的条件下才能受益.此外,研究还发现参与B2B电子市场的零售商设置较低的零售价格,并增大了订购数量.     

有限供应的现货市场与期权合约下的采购策略

在随机现货价格与随机需求相独立的情况下,当现货市场供应量有限时,本文采用期权组合合约建立两阶段采购风险管理模型,以期最大化零售商的期望利润.文中提供了甄别有效合约的算法,得到零售商的最优采购策略,并进一步用算例分析了现货市场的供应量、现货价格和客户需求的波动性对最优采购策略的影响,发现当现货市场的供应量增加时,零售商应...     

考虑初创企业的供应链融资与期权交易策略

考虑单供应商、单零售商组成的二级供应链，零售商作为初创企业面临资金短缺，但可以通过供应商贷款获得资金。除了提供资金支持，供应商还为零售商提供期权合约供其采购产品。通过对供应商期权价格和贷款利率，以及零售商的采购和融资策略进行分析，结论显示当产品生产成本较高时，供应商会设置较高的期权价格和贷款利率，获取整个供应链的利润。零售商期望利润为0并且面临较高的破产风险，而此时的博弈均衡是不稳定的。为了获得稳定博弈均衡，供应商需要稍微降低期权价格或贷款利率，以使零售商获得正的期望利润，此时零售商采购量会趋近于一个固定值。当生产成本较低时，供应商和零售商之间能够达到稳定的均衡解，且双方均有正的期望利润。     

考虑期权合同供应链的零售商订货研究

文章讨论了面向随机需求的两个独立的零售商.由于生产提前期长而销售期短,零售商通过期权合同从供应商订货.在销售期初,零售商可根据市场需求通过与另外一个零售商进行期权交易来调整自己的库存.讨论了期权交易对零售商最优订货和最大利润的影响,得到考虑期权合同的零售商的最优订货存在唯一的纳什均衡解,零售商的最优订货是期权交易价格的增函数.有期权交易的零售商的最大期望利润高于不进行期权交易的零售商的最大期望利润.当零售商面临相同的市场结构时,存在唯一的最优期权交易价格,并且有期权交易的零售商的最优订货高于没有期权交易的零售商的最优订货.当零售商面临相同的正态需求分布时,零售商的最优订货和最大期望利润是需求相关系数的减函数.     

现货价格和需求关联时期权组合合约模式下采购风险管理策略

在现货价格和客户端需求关联的情形下,本文引用期权组合合约建立现货市场供应量有限时的两阶段采购风险管理模型,以期最大化零售商的期望收益。文中先用逆向归纳法列出零售商第二阶段的最优策略,采用标准扰动定理得出有效合约应满足的最优性条件,并将原模型转化为单调的最短路径问题,应用动态规划求解最优的采购策略。最后用算例分析了现货价格与需求的相关系数及现货市场的供应量对最优策略的影响,发现当供应量一定时,各有效合约的最优预订量及有效合约的总预订量都随着相关系数的增大而提高,并且有效合约受相关系数的影响大小取决于合约的灵活性;并且,当相关系数一定时,有效合约的总预订量及执行价格最低的有效合约的最优预订量都随着供应量的增加而单调减少。     

Asymmetric Competition in B2B Spot Markets

We model strategic behavior of two types of suppliers in B2B spot markets: a supplier that has forward contracts and uses the spot market only for inventory liquidation, and a supplier that uses the spot market as its sole selling channel. We find that when the spot market demand is small, the supplier that has forward contracts has a higher incentive to invest in expanding the spot market. When the spot market demand exceeds a threshold size, this situation is reversed, and the supplier with no contracts benefits more from making the spot market more prevalent. We show that a supplier with forward contracts benefits from the existence of the spot market more than a supplier with no contracts and that this result holds with both negative and positive correlation between spot market demand and contracted demand. We find that suppliers producing only for the spot market gain from working in industries where contracted demand and spot market demand are positively correlated, whereas suppliers that have forward contracts benefit from working in industries with a negative correlation between demands, since it allows them to better manage risk. In addition, both total industry supply and spot market supply are higher in industries where demands are negatively correlated.     

Optimal procurement of long-term contracts in the presence of imperfect spot market

B2B spot market has grown rapidly and become an effective trading channel for commodity products. Besides long-term contract procurement from conventional suppliers (forward and option), a buyer can procure or sell commodities at any time in B2B spot market to adjust her inventory level. However, spot prices are generally volatile and the market is imperfect in the sense that spot trading may be realized with uncertainty in a given period of time and often comes with extra transaction cost. This paper considers a commodity buyer who can order forward and option contracts in advance and trade in a B2B spot market when spot price and demand are observed stochastically. Based on a single-period newsvendor model, we discuss three optimal order strategies and derive respective expected profits when the buyer is risk-neutral. The sensitivity of purchase costs, market liquidity and transaction cost is investigated. We also compare the optimal expected profits for different strategies to illustrate the effects of the two long-term contracts in the presence of the B2B spot market. We then extend our model to a multi-period setting and derive the optimal strategy. Finally, we numerically compute the optimal order strategy for a risk-averse buyer and analyze the impact of spot market, risk aversion, as well as the correlation between customer demand and spot price.     

A Portfolio Approach to Procurement Contracts

The purpose of this paper is to develop a general framework for supply contracts in which portfolios of contracts can be analyzed and optimized. We focus on a multi‐period environment with convex contract, spot market, and inventory holding costs. We specialize the model to the case of a portfolio consisting of option contracts. We characterize the optimal replenishment policy and show that it has a simple structure. Namely, the use of every different option contract and the spot market is dictated by a modified base‐stock policy. In addition, we derive conditions to determine when an option is relatively attractive compared to other options or the spot market. Finally, we present our computational study, where we report the sensitivity of the results to the parameters of the model. Our experiments indicate that portfolio contracts not only increase the manufacturer's expected profit, but can also reduce its financial risk.     

Procurement strategies in the presence of the spot market—an analytical framework

This paper investigates a problem in which a buyer can procure from a regular supplier as well as from a supplier in a spot market, possibly formed over the Internet. The contract with the regular supplier specifies a predetermined order volume and price, while the spot market has unlimited supply but a varying spot price. We analyse this problem from a buyer/supplier perspective, and an analytical model is developed to analyse two distinctive procurement strategies: the pure procurement system (PS) and the mixed procurement system of regular supplier with a supplier in spot markets (MS). Without loss of generality, we obtained a closed-forms solution that enabled us to provide numerical analysis on the procurement strategies, and allowed us to compare further the different characteristics between PS and MS. The results of our analysis demonstrate that the use of spot market could effectively mitigate the risk associated with demand uncertainty facing the buyer. The results also show that adopting MS can generate a higher buyer's profit than the PS, and significant supply-chain profit improvements can indeed be achieved through buyer/supplier coordination. Furthermore, spot price volatility leads to the facilitation of the use of spot markets, improving the buyer and the supply-chain profitability.     

基于数量柔性契约的双源应急物资采购定价模型

针对灾害事件发生的不确定性以及灾害发生后应急物资需求量的爆发式增长，本文设计了一个政府主导的基于数量柔性契约的双源应急物资采购模型。在存在一个现货市场的情况下，政府除了常规采购外，还会与供应方签订一份数量柔性契约，用以建立政企联合储备应急物资的合作关系。通过数理推导，本文发现灾害事件发生概率，政府自身储备量，现货市场采购价格会对双方决策产生重要影响，并给出三个影响因素在满足不同条件时政企双方的最优决策，同时进一步分析了这三个因素对政府采购成本与供应方利润的影响。最后，通过数值模拟的方式对所得结论进行了验证。本文的研究为政府与企业构建联合储备应急物资的合作关系提供了指导与依据。     

Combined Pricing and Portfolio Option Procurement

In this paper, we study a single‐product periodic‐review inventory system that faces random and price‐dependent demand. The firm can purchase the product either from option contracts or from the spot market. Different option contracts are offered by a set of suppliers with a two‐part fee structure: a unit reservation cost and a unit exercising cost. The spot market price is random and its realization may affect the subsequent option contract prices. The firm decides the reservation quantity from each supplier and the product selling price at the beginning of each period and the number of options to exercise (inventory replenishment) at the end of the period to maximize the total expected profit over its planning horizon. We show that the optimal inventory replenishment policy is order‐up‐to type with a sequence of decreasing thresholds. We also investigate the optimal option‐reservation policy and the optimal pricing strategy. The optimal reservation quantities and selling price are shown to be both decreasing in the starting inventory level when demand function is additive. Building upon the analytical results, we conduct a numerical study to unveil additional managerial insights. Among other things, we quantify the values of the option contracts and dynamic pricing to the firm and show that they are more significant when the market demand becomes more volatile.     

现货供应不确定下的优化采购策略研究

在现货市场和传统契约市场共存时,研究了现货供应的不确定性和销售商的风险规避态度对于销售商的采购策略的影响。首先,在现货供应充足和供应不确定两种情况下分析了实现供应链协调的最优订购量和退货价格,以及销售商的风险规避态度对于订购量的影响.然后,通过数值计算进行了分析和验证.结果表明,现货供应充足时的订购量总是低于现货供应不确定时的订购量;但现货供应充足时供应链的期望利润高于现货供应不确定的情况.现货市场存在下,风险厌恶因子对订购量的影响趋势与单纯契约市场下正好相反.     

An Exploratory Study of Procurement Strategies for Multi‐Item RFQs in B2B Markets: Antecedents and Impact on Performance

This research explores procurement strategies for multi‐item requests for quotation (RFQs) in business‐to‐business (B2B) markets using responses from 825 purchasing professionals. The study first establishes procurement strategies that differ based on their level of strategic emphasis, i.e., the importance that is placed on the pursuit of four strategic objectives. Underlying objectives, which are obtained via factor analysis, include the focus on price, security of supply, internal procurement efficiencies, and bundle building. Next, cluster analysis is used to derive prototypical strategic approaches. The three cluster groups that emerge possess the same relative ranking of the four objectives, but differ based on the intensity with which these objectives are pursued. The clusters are labelled as the three strategic groups of strategists, opportunists, and responders. The research then explores, using an industrial buyer behavior lens, the impact of environmental antecedents in determining a particular strategy. Environmental variables include purchase importance, market uncertainty, supply base availability, buyer bargaining power, item experience, and supply base experience. Finally, the study tests the impact of procurement strategy on the buyer's perceived performance, suggesting that strategists, placing more emphasis on the pursuit of strategic sourcing objectives, achieve better performance than opportunists and responders.