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1.
Previous studies have shown that, when voters’ preferences become more internally consistent or mutually coherent, the probability
of observing Condorcet’s Paradox of cyclic majorities is reduced and tends to zero, in accordance with intuition. The current
study shows that the impact of an increasing degree of mutual coherence among voters’ preferences on the likelihood of observing
Borda’s Paradox is much more subtle and more difficult to analyze. The degree of the impact in this case depends both on the
measure of mutual coherence that is considered and on the voting rule that is used. In some circumstances, the probability
that Borda’s Paradox will occur actually increases when voters’ preferences become more internally consistent. 相似文献
2.
This paper re-examines the so-called ‘chairman’s paradox‘ that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract
on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman’s paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a particular player who has
a regular and a tie-breaking vote – the ‘chairman’ – not only will do worse in specific instances under the plurality procedure
for three alternatives than if he did not have such a vote, but will also do worse overall. That is, the chairman’s a priori probability of success (‘getting what one wants’) for all possible games with linear (strict) preference orders is lower than that of the two regular members. It is demonstrated that this result, which comes
about if voters act strategically rather than sincerely, is not as robust as it has been thought to be. By merely replacing
the standard assumption of linear preference orders with weak preference orders, which allow for indifference, we can escape from the paradox for the canonical case of three players and
three alternatives. With weak preference orders, the a priori success of the chairman is now greater than that of the other two players. We also point to a new paradox of sophisticated voting. 相似文献
3.
This study is an attempt to empirically detect the public opinion concerning majoritarian approval axiom. A social choice
rule respects majoritarian approval iff it chooses only those alternatives which are regarded by a majority of “voters” to
be among the “better half” of the candidates available. We focus on three social choice rules, the Majoritarian Compromise,
Borda’s Rule and Condorcet’s Method, among which the Majoritarian Compromise is the only social choice rule always respecting
majoritarian approval. We confronted each of our 288 subjects with four hypothetical preference profiles of a hypothetical
electorate over some abstract set of four alternatives. At each hypothetical preference profile, two representing the preferences
of five and two other of seven voters, the subject was asked to indicate, from an impartial viewpoint, which of the four alternatives
should be chosen whose preference profile was presented, which if that is unavailable, then which if both of the above are
unavailable, and finally which alternative should be avoided especially. In each of these profiles there is a Majoritarian
Compromise-winner, a Borda-winner and a Condorcet-winner, and the Majoritarian Compromise-winner is always distinct from both
the Borda-winner and the Condorcet-winner, while the Borda- and Condorcet-winners sometimes coincide. If the Borda- and Condorcet-winners
coincide then there are two dummy candidates, otherwise only one, and dummies coincide with neither of the Majoritarian Compromise-,
Borda- or Condorcet-winner. We presented our subjects with various types of hypothetical preference profiles, some where Borda
respecting majoritarian approval, some where it failed to do so, then again for Condorcet, some profiles it respected majoritarian
approval and some where it did not. The main thing we wanted to see was whether subjects’ support for Borda and Condorcet
was higher when this social choice rule respected majoritarian approval than it did not. Our unambiguous overall empirical
finding is that our subjects’ support for Borda and Condorcet was significantly stronger as they respect majoritarian approval. 相似文献
4.
Joanne Lloyd Helen Doll Keith Hawton William H. Dutton John R. Geddes Guy M. Goodwin Robert D. Rogers 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(3):387-399
In order to learn about the behaviours and health experiences of people who gamble on the Internet, we conducted an international
online survey with respondents recruited via gambling and gambling-related websites. The mean (SD) age of the 4,125 respondents
completing the survey was 35.5 (11.8) years, with 79.1% being male and 68.8% UK residents. Respondents provided demographic
details and completed validated psychometric screening instruments for problem gambling, mood disturbances, as well as alcohol
and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm. We applied latent class analysis to respondents’ patterns of regular
online gambling activities, and identified subgroups of individuals who used the Internet to gamble in different ways (L
2 = 44.27, bootstrap P = 0.07). We termed the characteristic profiles as ‘non-to-minimal gamblers’; ‘sports bettors’; ‘casino & sports gamblers’;
‘lottery players’; and ‘multi-activity gamblers’. Furthermore, these subgroups of respondents differed on other demographic
and psychological dimensions, with significant inter-cluster differences in proportion of individuals scoring above threshold
for problem gambling, mood disorders and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm (all Χ
2s > 23.4, all P-values <0.001). The ‘casino & sports’ and ‘multi-activity-gamblers’ clusters had the highest prevalence of mental disorder.
Internet gamblers appear to be heterogeneous but composed of several subgroups, differing markedly on both demographic and
clinical characteristics. 相似文献
5.
Based on the problems of Global Education Assistance to Africa (GEAA), and combined with China’s rationale and practice of
Education Assistance to Africa, this paper proposes a vision and assumption to improve the GEAA, that is, using the assistance
rationale of ‘Africa-based’, ‘equal-relationship’, and ‘mutual-benefits’, through ‘multi-stakeholders cooperation’, ‘multi-modes
operation’, and ‘multi-goals achievement’ to build one ‘harmonious world’. 相似文献
6.
In the measurement of autonomy freedom, the admissible potential preference relations are elicited by means of the concept of ‘reasonableness’. In this paper we argue for an alternative criterion based on information about the decision maker’s ‘awareness’ of his available opportunities. We argue that such an interpretation of autonomy fares better than that based on reasonableness. We then introduce some axioms that capture this intuition and study their logical implications. In the process, a new measure of autonomy freedom is characterized, which generalizes some of the measures so far constructed in the literature.We thank Martin van Hees, Robert Sugden, Prasanta Pattanaik, the participants at workshops at the CPNSS, London School of Economics, and at the University of Caen and an anonymous referee for their suggestions. The support of the CPNSS is gratefully acknowledged. This paper is part of a research project on “The Analysis and Measurement of Freedom” funded by the Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca (Italy). Its financial support is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
7.
Indraneel Dasgupta 《Social Choice and Welfare》2011,37(4):643-658
We model a general choice environment via probabilistic choice correspondences, with (possibly) incomplete domain and infinite
universal set of alternatives. We offer a consistency restriction regarding choice when the feasible set contracts. This condition,
‘contraction consistency’, subsumes earlier notions such as Chernoff’s Condition, Sen’s α and β, and regularity. We identify a restriction on the domain of the stochastic choice correspondence (SCC), under which contraction
consistency is equivalent to the weak axiom of revealed preference in its most general form. When the universal set of alternatives
is finite, this restriction is also necessary for such equivalence. Analogous domain restrictions are also identified for
the special case where choice is deterministic but possibly multi-valued. Results due to Sen (Rev Econ Stud 38:307–317, 1971) and Dasgupta and Pattanaik (Econ Theory 31:35–50, 2007) fall out as corollaries. Thus, conditions are established, under which our notion of consistency, articulated only in reference
to contractions of the feasible set, suffices as the axiomatic foundation for a general revealed preference theory of choice
behaviour. 相似文献
8.
General Representation of Epistemically Optimal Procedures 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Franz Dietrich 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):263-283
Assuming that votes are independent, the epistemically optimal procedure in a binary collective choice problem is known to be a weighted supermajority rule with weights given by personal log likelihood ratios. It is shown here that an analogous result holds in a much more general model. Firstly, the result follows from a more basic principle than expected-utility maximisation, namely from an axiom (“Epistemic Monotonicity”) which requires neither utilities nor prior probabilities of the ‘correctness’ of alternatives. Secondly, a person’s input need not be a vote for an alternative; it may be any type of input, for instance a subjective degree of belief or probability of the correctness of one of the alternatives. The case of a profile of subjective degrees of belief is particularly appealing, since no parameters such as competence parameters need to be known here. 相似文献
9.
Bjarne Ibsen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1996,7(2):160-176
This article analyses the changes in the voluntary sector in Denmark at the local level, and compares associations in the
‘cultural field’ with those in the ‘social field’. The analyses, which are primarily based on research conducted in 1993,
show that the voluntary sector changed significantly during the 1980s and the 1990s. First, over a third of the associations
were established after 1979, and this has resulted in changes in the overall composition of the sector. Traditional value-oriented
associations and associations that work for others have declined in relative terms, while narrow-interest associations that
work for the members themselves are increasing. Second, the number of associations that are based and operate in a clearly-defined
local area has declined. Third, despite professionalisation in some types of associations, more people than ever before are
engaged in voluntary work in associations. Fourth, while public subsidies to the voluntary associations have increased, this
has not changed the fundamental ‘political autonomy’ of the associations. Fifth, even though there are great differences in
the political context of which the ‘cultural field’ associations and ‘social field’ associations are part, the associations
in the two fields have many common features. 相似文献
10.
Geometric models of consistent judgement aggregation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marcus Pivato 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):559-574
Given a set of propositions with unknown truth values, a ‘judgement aggregation function’ is a way to aggregate the personal
truth-valuations of a group of voters into some ‘collective’ truth valuation. We introduce the class of ‘quasimajoritarian’
judgement aggregation functions, which includes majority vote, but also includes some functions which use different voting
schemes to decide the truth of different propositions. We show that if the profile of individual beliefs satisfies a condition
called ‘value restriction’, then the output of any quasimajoritarian function is logically consistent; this directly generalizes
the recent work of Dietrich and List (Majority voting on restricted domains. Presented at SCW08; see , 2007b). We then provide two sufficient conditions for value-restriction, defined geometrically in terms of a lattice ordering
or a metric structure on the set of individuals and propositions. Finally, we introduce another sufficient condition for consistent
majoritarian judgement aggregation, called ‘convexity’. We show that convexity is not logically related to value-restriction. 相似文献
11.
Age-related declines in cognition may have detrimental effects on older adults’ ability to complete everyday activities that
young- and middle-aged individuals perform automatically. Theories of cognitive aging have found deficits in older adults’
fluid intelligence, capacity for inhibition, number of processing resources, and speed of processing, and in recent years,
studies have proposed cognitive strategies to ameliorate these declines. However, few strategies directly train the cognitive
strategies necessary to improve performance in dynamic environments and physical activities. One such strategy may be the
enhancement of situation awareness, the capability to perceive and understand one’s environment. Although the term has typically been applied to pilots and
other expert performers, situation awareness may also be relevant to cognitive aging, where older adults’ perception and comprehension
of their environment become critical to everyday functioning and physical activities. If older adults’ situation awareness
can be facilitated, then it may be possible to reduce the impact of age-related cognitive declines, allowing older adults
to successfully participate in dynamic situations and sports where the environment is constantly changing (e.g., driving and
tennis). The following review outlines cognitive deficits in aging, details their relation to situation awareness, and discusses
how training in situation awareness may reduce cognitive declines.
Portions of this paper were reported at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical
Activity in June, 2005. 相似文献
12.
The object of this paper is to propose a consistency test for an individual involved in collective choice process. Collective choice processes considered in the paper are those that
transform individuals ‘tastes’– which reflect the self-interested view point of the individuals – into (social) ranking of alternatives. In addition to
her tastes, an individual has values about the way by which collective decision should be made. We distinguish two categories of such values. First, there are
end-values that restrict the class of social rankings that the individual considers ethically acceptable. Second there are aggregation-values that specify the way by which the social ranking should depend upon the individuals tastes. The consistency test stands on
an hypothetical operation of universalization of the individual tastes to everyone. Five illustrations of the potential usefulness of our approach for interpreting social
choice theory and welfare economics are proposed. These illustrations deal with utilitarian aggregation in the presence of
income inequality aversion, the so-called ‘ethics of responsibility’ and the aggregation of individual ranking of opportunity
sets based on their freedom of choice. A discussion of the relevance of the consistency test for addressing the problem of
‘laundering’ individual preferences is also provided.
Received: 25 June 1998/Accepted: 16 March 1999 相似文献
13.
Giuliana Urso 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(3):779-790
The article proposes an interview with Mr. M. Baldwin Edwards—director of the Mediterranean migration observatory (MMO) based
in Athens—made in January 2007. Interview object was the analysis of the way Greece faced the Albanian migration flow in the
90s. Critically he points out the actors, the strategies, the historical and sociological reasons of this response. The protection
of human rights and the role of the European Union are also pointed out. The overall picture gives the impression of a Greek
answer that makes a confusion between a ‘border policy’ and a ‘migration policy’ leading to a (more or less conscious) ‘non
immigration policy’. 相似文献
14.
For decades Durkheim’s theory of suicide has been tested and found wanting. Yet, rather than being consigned to the dust-bin
of history, it lives on and is pointed to as an exemplar of the powers of sociological theory and research. If this rationalizing
and/or dismissal of so many falsifications of the theory were an isolated phenomenon, it might be evidence of some lemming-like
propensity for suicide or a disciplinary death-wish, among a few sociologists. But it appears to be a much more widespread
and common occurrence. In this paper we explore some possible explanations of this ‘falsification denial’—‘The Social Misconstruction
of Reality’ (Hamilton 1996), ‘When Prophecy Fails’ (Festinger et al. 1956), ‘Underdetermination’ (Duhem 1954; Quine Journal of Philosophy 67:178–183, 1970, Erkenntnis 9:313–328, 1975; Lakatos 1970), and ‘Boundary Maintenance’ (Erikson 1966), and we outline some of the more important and pernicious consequences of this falsification denial for the discipline and
future of sociology. 相似文献
15.
Sue Curry Jansen 《Qualitative sociology》1980,2(3):22-55
The belief that ‘the stranger’ (outsider, disinterested third party) sees things more clearly, i.e. is more “objective,” is
seen to be a corner-stone of folk wisdom; underlying Western judicial thought and concepts of objectivity in the social sciences.
The author raises the dilemma that both positivistic and humanistic sociologists accept this belief—suggesting 1) that it
is a residue of positivism and a quest for certain knowledge, or 2) the possibility that ‘the stranger’ does gain deeper insight
into group life than members. The paper examines the concept of the stranger, considering the aura of charisma that seems
to have been attached to it in ordinary discourse as well as within the sociological dialogue. Two types of strangers are
described: outsiders and enemies within. Finally, an attempt is made to examine the testimony of prominant strangers as they
describe their marginal status and speculate on the ways that status has made them unusually perceptive observers of social
phenomena. 相似文献
16.
In drawing, psychological mood can be denoted in a direct way (i.e., “literally”) through facial expression cues (e.g., a
frowning face denotes sadness in a direct way), but it can also be connoted in an indirect way (i.e., “non-literally”) through
figurative or non-figurative cues. This study examines how child and adult drawers selectively use literal and non-literal
expressive strategies in accordance with the nature of the topic being depicted. In a between-subject design, 120 participants
produced drawings of either a person or a house, in one of three versions: baseline, happy, and sad. The results indicated
that drawers preferentially used literal expressive strategies for the person and non-literal strategies for the house. There
was an increasing tendency between 7 and 11 years of age to express the drawn person’s mood non-literally in addition to literally.
The positive correlation obtained between representational and expressive drawing ability suggests that enrichment of drawers’
graphic repertoire enhances their ability to draw expressively. Implications for clinical and educational practitioners are
discussed. 相似文献
17.
Alasdair Marshall Richard Telofski Udechukwu Ojiako Maxwell Chipulu 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):371-391
The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable
corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy
at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many
cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically
diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory
to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’
with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial
battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately
determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the
possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted
to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should
corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence
from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for
conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries. 相似文献
18.
This paper responds to the ‘soft paternalist’ argument that the findings of behavioural economics make traditional objections
to paternalism incoherent. We show that there is a normatively significant sense in which, even if individuals lack coherent
preferences, competitive markets are efficient in providing them with opportunities to get what they want. Extending earlier
analysis by Sugden, we model a multi-period ‘storage economy’ and explore the implications of dynamically inconsistent preferences.
We show that, despite apparent conflicts of judgement between an individual’s ‘selves’, competitive markets provide maximal
opportunity, and that they do so by facilitating voluntary exchanges between selves. 相似文献
19.
A. S. Tangian 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(2):337-365
We provide intuitive, formal, and computational evidence that in a large society Condorcet’s paradox (the intransitivity
of social preference obtained by pairwise vote) can hardly occur. For that purpose, we compare two models of social choice,
one based on voting and another one based on summing individual cardinal utilities, expressed either in reals, or integers.
We show that in a probabilistic model with a large number of independent individuals both models, almost surely, provide the
same decision results. This implies that Condorcet’s and Borda’s methods tend to give the same decisions as the number of
voters increases. Therefore, in the model with a large number of voters, the transitivity of the Borda preference is inherent
in a majority preference as well.
Received: 26 June 1998/Accepted: 16 April 1999 相似文献
20.
Ramona W. Denby 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2011,28(2):113-131
This study examines kinship caregivers’ (n = 830) experiences and their perceptions of the children (n = 1,339) in their care in order to predict permanency intent. Permanency intent is a caregiver’s expressed intent to adopt
the child in his or her care or to provide permanent, legal guardianship. The results of this study reveal that most caregivers’
permanency choice is guardianship and not adoption. However, binary logistic regression results uncovered six factors (i.e.,
thorough explanation of case plans, decreases in caregiver emotional stress, decreases in child depression, child lack of
communication with birth parent, caregiver providing care for a sibling group, decreases in run-away behavior) that predict
that a caregiver will adopt the child in his or her care. Policy, practice, and research implications are noted. 相似文献