中国核电安全规制的研究——理论动因、经验借鉴与改革建议

本文针对核电低常规性风险、高灾难性风险的特点,从社会性规制的视角,对核电安全规制进行了供求分析,并从核电安全的外部性和信息不对称两个方面阐述了核电安全规制的理论动因和依据。研究表明,日本核电站的泄露事故带来的危害将直接促使中国公众增加对核电安全规制的强烈需求,进而推动政府相应地增加核电安全规制供给的数量。本文在理论分析基础上,从规制机构、法规体系、规制力量三个方面分析了我国现行的核电安全规制框架,并援引核电发达国家的核电安全规制模式,对我国加强核电安全规制提出了相应的改革建议。     

自然垄断产业规制的构想与设计

现实中由于市场失效的存在,市场机制是难以独善其身的,也需要政府对某些产业实施规制以纠正企业的行为偏差。在自然垄断产业从垄断走向竞争的过程中,政府规制的存在是合理的:自然垄断产业存在着效率悖论,需要政府规制以保证一家或寡头企业可以获得规模效率;自然垄断产业存在着定价悖论,需要政府规制以保障消费者可以获得公平的价格或服务。竞争与规制两方面的博弈将贯穿于自然垄断产业的发展之中。在经济的不同发展阶段,政府规制目标的推进直接影响着自然垄断产业的顺利发展,这就需要对规制的目标和成效有一个不断修正和调整的过程,也需要对政府规制进行适时改革,或加强规制以提高规模经济效益,或放松规制以提高竞争效益,最终使政府规制与自然垄断产业的发展相得益彰。     

市场经济条件下的政府规制：理论、经验与改革

本文全面阐述了市场经济条件下政府规制的基本理论和一般经验 ,并对政府规制和规制改革的理论依据、规制政策内容、价格规制的主要方法、政府规制的问题以及激励性规制和放松规制等改革措施的利弊作了较为深入的分析和评价 ,得出了必须改革与完善政府规制的基本结论 ,并主张中国规制改革采取较为温和的方式。     

自然垄断产业政府规制制度改革研究

自然垄断产业具有规模经济性和范围经济性,需要政府规制。传统的政府规制制度弊端严重,我国进行了多年的规制改革,取得了一些成效,但依然存在许多问题。自然垄断产业政府规制制度改革的标准是实现自然垄断产业的有效竞争,实践中要区别自然垄断业务和非自然垄断业务,实行适宜的治理模式,并以反垄断法和相对独立的规制机构以及相应的配套措施为保障。     

后危机时代日本政府规制政策的方向性调整

二战后日本的经济体制是以市场经济为基础的,同时辅之以政府利用规制手段干预经济、扶持产业发展。20世纪80年代后,受新自由主义思潮的影响,日本政府实施了放松规制改革,这一改革在小泉政府时期达到了高潮。然而,以美国为中心发生的国际金融危机,使日本开始反思新自由主义思潮影响下的规制改革,并在后危机时代对规制改革的目标进行了重新审视,谋求人民生活的安心和安全成为规制改革的最终目的。日本规制政策的转向说明:规制改革从制度供给向制度需求转变。另外,经济危机、地震等外部因素也影响了制度的动态变化,改变了制度变迁的轨迹。     

社会性规制的法经济学分析

为适应构建和谐社会的需要,政府必须加强社会性规制职能。立法程序决定了法规的性质和内容,因此必须建立和完善我国的立法听证制度。立法规制的对象不应仅限于微观主体,也需要加强对规制者的规制。针对我国规制现状应当进一步细化有关国民健康和安全的法律规则,使执法行为规范化和制度化,并且加大农村的执法力度,建立起城乡统一的社会性规制体系。     

论公共问题的政府规制:合法性及其限度

现代社会公共问题的日益增生和相互依赖关系的不断加强提出了政府规制的要求.通过政府规制维护、实现和延续公共利益,成为现代社会发展进程中的趋势和必然要求.从公共问题、市场制度与政府规制间的关系中可以探究公共问题的性质和表现,从个体理性与集体理性间的冲突中可以揭示政府规制在公共问题治理过程中的基础,同时,基于政府行动能力对社会生活所具有的影响,可以展示政府规制的限度.     

TRIPS协议下知识产权滥用的界定及规制

在国际贸易中强调知识产权保护的同时,不能忽视对知识产权滥用问题的限制.由于中国企业在近年遭受到国外企业滥用知识产权制造纠纷的现象十分严重,本文从知识产权协议(TRIPS协议)入手,分析了知识产权滥用的界定及其规制,对我国有效限制国际贸易中的知识产权滥用问题提出了对策.     

试论日本电信业放松规制及其启示

电信业是国民经济的命脉,通常又被认为是自然垄断行业,由政府经营或处于政府管制之下。自80年代后期开始,全球电信业发生了巨大变化,包括日本在内的许多发达国家相继开放电信市场,特别是1997年2月15日,世界贸易组织(WTO)就全球基础电信谈判达成协议。在这种形势下,如何更快、更大范围地开放国内电信业务市场、放宽对外资管制,已成为我国当前面临的紧迫课题。本文将通过对日本电信业放松规制过程、特点等的研究和分析,探寻其经验教训,以便为我国电信业改革提供借鉴和参考。一、日本电信业放松规制的过程(一)日本电信电话公社时期50年代初,…     

日本经济改革的进展与问题

进入90年代后,日本泡沫经济崩溃,政府为了扭转经济衰退局面,自细川内阁开始就积极推进缓和规制等多项改革。本文主要回顾了桥本内阁到小泉内阁(1996—2006年)这段时期日本经济改革的进展及其存在的问题。通过对日本经济改革经验教训的分析,给我国经济改革提供参考;同时分析日本经济改革的进展状况,借以判断日本经济发展的前景。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).