On the integration and development of psychology and logic within the framework of cognitive science

心理学研究感性认识形式，逻辑学研究理性认识形式。二者密切相关但却长期分离。认知科学的建立和发展，为心理学和逻辑学的交叉融合提供了科学依据和学科框架。在认知科学的框架下，逻辑学发生了本质的变化，产生了认知逻辑新的研究框架。在这个框架下，心理学与逻辑学交叉融合，产生了心理逻辑这一新兴学科。它认为逻辑推理受心理因素影响，是由人参与的、涉身的经验科学。认知逻辑开启了当代逻辑学发展的新时代，走上了作为多学科共同工具的广阔发展道路。认知科学的发展将带来一个学科综合交叉、问题引领科学研究、科学研究引领学科建设、人才全面发展的新时代。     

“保护的责任”的运用及扩散——以规范的发展过程为中心

当今国际社会从未停止过对人权和主权之间张力的反思,"保护的责任"这一概念应运而生。这一尚待完善的概念得到了国际社会和国际法以及国际关系学者的关注和讨论。以国际关系规范理论为基础,可以分析"保护的责任"这一概念的产生和发展成为国际社会一个新规范的过程。本文以中国为例,考察了"保护的责任"在中国扩散的原因以及中国如何灵活地处理这一规范与"不干涉主义"之间产生的张力。由此分析可得,国际规范的创制和扩散是国际社会与个别国家之间互动的结果,而在这一过程中国家本身对规范背后的价值认可至关重要。     

The Global Governance of Terrorism: An Assessment of Different Regimes*

Breakthroughs in the global governance of terrorism depend mainly on the development on the part of the international community of thorough and effective mechanisms. At present, global governance targets terrorism via four regimes: hegemonic governance; governance by international organizations; hybrid governance; and coordinated governance by major powers. These strategies have made a contribution to counter-terrorism, but they do have shortcomings. We start with the judgment that governance entities should adhere to the logic of consequences, the logic of appropriateness, the logic of emotion and the logic of habitus, and on this basis make a preliminary assessment of the global governance of terrorism. Present terrorism governance regimes tend to be based on the thinking of the logic of consequences with only partial implementation of the logic of appropriateness and no use, so far, of counterterrorism measures based on the logic of emotion and the logic of habitus. To address both the symptoms and root causes of terrorism, international society should encourage governance strategies that implement counter-terrorism measures based on the four types of logic above and should promote coordination and cooperation based on this platform. In this course, China could promote a more significant role in global terrorism governance for such counter-terrorism platforms as the United Nations, including the Security Council, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.     

The Three Monotheistic World Religions and International Human Rights

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the human rights movement lay claim to much of the same moral territory, notably concepts of human dignity, equality, and social justice. In practice there are many tensions. This article argues that common standards are necessary to govern relationships among religions and that international human rights standards best play that role. To achieve greater consensus and mutual understanding, the religious and human rights communities must examine how their meaning systems can and have changed over time, and differ across regions. Recognition of these variations and empirical evidence that religiosity is not necessarily inherently linked to prejudice can enable both the religious and human rights meaning systems to evolve toward greater consensus on common social norms.     

Determinants of the timing of social insurance legislation among 18 OECD countries

The purpose of this paper is to determine which theory best explains the development of social insurance programs. The survival analyses of 4 social insurance programs in 18 OECD countries present mixed results. The adoption of each social insurance program is developed and related to a combination of industrialism, modernization, left-wing participation, state autonomy, and international environment. Based on these findings, it is concluded that no single paradigm adequately explains the adoption of each of the social insurance programs. However, the combination of two society-centered approaches – namely, logic of industrialism and political conflict explanation – and a state-centered approach better explains the origin and development of modern social policy than does the international diffusion theory.     

逻辑方法演进的哲学思考

逻辑学经历了从传统到现代的演进过程,从亚里士多德创立演驿逻辑、培根批判亚氏逻辑提出归纳逻辑,到莱布尼兹肯定亚氏逻辑提出逻辑的数学形式的发展方向,预示着新的逻辑方法的形成.新逻辑方法的形成,对哲学方法产生了重大的指导作用.西方哲学史上的三次重大转换之一的"语言转向"就是借助于逻辑分析的方法,对传统哲学问题进行改造,它给当代哲学一种新的哲学研究方法,这种逻辑方法也是现实哲学研究的需要.     

人权法的失衡与平衡(英文)

在公共治理场域中生成和行动的人权法,应当是能够促成和谐人权保障关系的平衡法,它在机制上表现为人权保障目标与制度安排的匹配性,在内容上反映为公民权利设定的合乎理性,在形式上表现为人权法规范体系的协调一致,在行动上体现为人权保障过程基于商谈形成共识,在结果上表现为人权保障绩效的最大化。由于不同人权之间往往存在着张力,加上人权保障具有跨部门法性,再加上国际人权法依赖于国内法转化或衔接等原因,因此人权法容易失衡,制约着国家尊重和保障人权目标的全面实现。要解决人权法失衡问题,应当选择开放性的公私商谈模式、遵循理性的衡量标准对人权入法进行审慎权衡。     

Historical Role of the International Communist Movement during the World Anti-fascist War

The relationship between the international Communist movement and the world anti- fascist war constitutes a major historical theme of our times. As a positive force for democracy and peace, the international Communist movement became a solid political cornerstone of the anti-fascist war. Its enormous sacrifices and contributions made it one of the final forces terminating the fascist political order, and its humanity provided mankind with a just direction in the struggle against war terrorism and for peace idealism. It thus became a major force in effectively advancing the development of democracy and peace. Based on the logic of condemnation, the critical reflections upon fascism made by the Communist movement have provided a value dimension for the building of today’s international security system. Based on the logic of construction, the international peace ethics followed by the international Communist movement offer an ideological foundation for the building of the new international order. And based on the logic of development, the new paradigm of world civilization pursued by the international Communist movement has become a political exemplar for the current pursuit of international peace. The political force of the Communist Party of China (CPC), as China’s political backbone and advance guard, cannot be overlooked: it influenced the anti-fascist war, the postwar international Communist movement and the democratization of world order. Of course, both the Soviet Union and the Comintern also offered many historical lessons during the anti-fascist war, lessons that merit profound reflection and consideration.     

维权背后的农民行动逻辑

本文通过对上访维权事件发起过程的解读,对农民行动的逻辑进行初步的分析。研究发现,在维权行动中,农民作为弱势群体的行动看似怪诞,却有其逻辑上的合理性;在社会关联度较高的村庄,村庄舆论在集体行动的形成过程中起着主要的作用。     

逻辑方法与哲学视野

逻辑方法曾囿于哲学视野之内 ,为哲学论证服务 ;外化于哲学视野的逻辑方法 ,发展成为哲学分析的有效工具 ;现代逻辑以特有的形式化分析方法 ,改变了哲学的发展方向。对哲学进行逻辑分析、对逻辑进行哲学反思 ,构成了 2 0世纪逻辑与哲学多姿多彩的发展图景     

两个30年的有机衔接——毛泽东与中国特色社会主义的理论和实践

新中国六十年历史以十一届三中全会为界分成前后两个30年：前30年以阶级斗争为纲,搞的是革命逻辑;后30年以经济建设为中心,搞的是建设逻辑。两种逻辑前后相随,互相衔接,完整地反映了以毛泽东、邓小平为代表的中国共产党人领导中国人民为社会主义奋斗的历程。总结吸取毛泽东晚年的教训,是连接两个时代的重要纽带。十一届三中全会以后,我们党坚持了一条具有中国特色的社会主义道路,形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系,主要缘于我们党对建国后30年经验教训的深刻总结,特别是对文革教训的科学总结。     

逻辑的观念与理论——中国逻辑史研究的两个重要因素

“中国历史上是否存在逻辑学”是国内逻辑学界长期争论的问题。其中,“没有逻辑”说还分为绝对论者和相对论者:绝对论者认为中国古代没有任何形式的逻辑;相对论者认为中国古代虽然没有西方意义上的逻辑,但只有非形式逻辑。之所以学者们在此问题上争论不休,是由于双方对什么是逻辑有不同的理解。在进行中西逻辑学比较之前,首先要确定一种统一的逻辑观念,因为逻辑观念是逻辑理论得以形成的基础。     

Foreign Policy, Human Rights and the United Kingdom

Amnesty International welcomes the UK Government's undertaking to incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into domestic law, to put human rights at the heart of its foreign policy and to be guided by human rights principles in its treatment of asylum-seekers, its policy on arms exports and its policy towards international development. This paper reviews the subject of international human rights standards and demonstrates their importance. It then offers advice as to the steps the UK Government should take in order to implement its undertakings in full. It comments on the significance of the incorporation of the ECHR into UK law and summarizes the state of the debate over whether or not there should be a Bill of Rights for citizens of the UK. It argues that the incorporation of the ECHR into UK law should be accompanied by the creation of a (UK) Human Rights Commission equipped with effective powers to strengthen human rights protection within the UK. It concludes with a list of specific recommendations pertaining to the UK Government's conduct of international affairs.     

The Cultural Relativity of Logic： From the Viewpoint of Ethnography and Historiography

广义论证概念扩大了逻辑家族成员,使之包括现代文化之外其他文化的逻辑,对阿赞得（Azande）人的田野考察报告,以及中国古代逻辑和佛学逻辑的研究成果,从描述的角度为“逻辑相对于文化”这一命题提供事实根据;采用演绎论证作为元方法说明现代文化中的逻辑和其他文化的逻辑在现代文化中的译本具有文化相对性;借助民族志和历史学研究成果说明其他文化的逻辑本身也具有的文化相对性;通过语言博弈和生活形式概念说明作为元方法的演绎论证同样具有文化相对性。     

创业型经济:改变经济增长逻辑的经济形态

创业型经济的诞生是新创成长型中小企业推动和既有企业特别是大企业内部创业推动的结果。作为一种社会经济形态,创业型经济表现为以创新为基础创业活动的全方位发展;作为一种经济运行方式,创业型经济实现了从微观到宏观有利创业的推进机制。创业型经济改变了经济增长的逻辑:一方面,促进了经济增长由单引擎推动向双引擎推动的转化;另一方面,使创业推动由单边推动转变为双边推动,增强了经济的推动力。     

Street‐level Perceptions of Procedural Rights for Young Unemployed People – A Comparative Study between Sweden and Australia

Two types of welfare states are compared in this article. Differences in procedural rights for young unemployed at the level of service delivery are analyzed. In Australia, rights are regulated through a rigid procedural justice system. The young unemployed within the social assistance system in Sweden encounter staff with high discretionary powers, which makes the legal status weak for the unemployed but, on the other hand, the system is more flexible. Despite the differences, there is striking convergence in how the young unemployed describe how discretionary power among street‐level staff affects their procedural rights. This result can be understood as a result of similar professional norms, work customs and occupational cultures of street‐level staff, and that there is a basic logic of conditionality in all developed welfare states where procedural rights are tightly coupled with responsibilities.     

从人类中心主义到可持续发展战略

人类已进入21世纪,却面临着一系列生态环境问题,这与传统上人们确立的人类中心主义观念有关.适应时代发展的需要,国际社会提出了可持续发展的战略,这是人类跨世纪的重大选择.要坚持这一选择,就必须重新审视人类中心主义,在思想观念上对人类重新定位,同时做到与自然相生共容,和谐发展,并且通过在哲学层面上理解可持续发展战略的内涵,树立新的社会发展观、宇宙整体观和人类价值观.     

论人权国际法保护的逻辑基础——以米尔恩“低限人权说”展开

米尔恩的人权哲学认为,人权并不是西方竭力宣扬的理想标准概念,而是最低限度道德标准所要求尊重的一些基本权利。虽然人类生活具有多样性,但最低限度的道德标准是共有的,因此是普遍意义上的人权。米尔恩＂低限人权说＂的积极意义在于,其有效协调了＂主权优于人权＂和＂人权优于主权＂的争论,为不同文明圈关于人权国际保护的对话提供理论平台。唯有各国完善人权保障法律体系,尤其是作为国家根本大法的宪法,才能承载人权国际保护重任。     

Global Social Justice for Older People: The Case for an International Convention on the Rights of Older People

Older people are beginning to represent a large proportion ofthe general population and have become a major area for socialprogramming in many parts of the world. However, neglect orviolation of older people’s rights is common. Until recently,there has been a surprising lack of advocacy on the part ofnon-governmental organizations (NGOs) and human rights activistsfor a legally effective international convention on the rightsof older people, as compared with other vulnerable groups suchas children and women. This paper argues that the introductionof an international convention on the rights of older peopleis long overdue. Such an international convention should containcomprehensive and legally binding provisions which would requireratifying states to promote older people’s rights. Itshould be reinforced by a strong monitoring system that wouldinvolve key members of the international community. This paperoutlines the arguments in favor of the creation of a transnationalhuman rights agreement for older people and proposes that internationalNGOs and human rights advocates should work toward creatingsuch a convention.     

Legal Control over Big Data Criminal Investigation

The rapid growth of big data technology has become a major trend affecting the pattern of world development. Big data criminal investigation is a new type of criminal detection used extensively in the course of police practice at home and abroad. Its emergence indicates a trend in criminal justice towards ensuring security at the expense of privacy and exchanging rights for information. Big data criminal investigation highlights the backwardness and dysfunction of the traditional framework of legal norms, evident in doubts about the legal attributes of such investigation and the obvious limitations of techniques for distinguishing data content from metadata. This leaves a vacuum in the regulation of investigative power at the preliminary stage of investigation. Big data criminal investigation itself is a double-edge sword; in order to forestall the possible abuses it may entail in terms of deep and broad interventions in basic civil rights, big data criminal investigation should be brought under the necessary legal control. We therefore propose adopting a dual regulatory approach comprising investigative and data norms, selectively adopting the traditional normative framework of the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality, and at the same time supplementing it with other legal principles and mechanisms concerning the protection of personal information and data.