International Law as the Law of Domestic Governance: China’s Propositions and Institutional Practice

Like domestic law, international law can be used in domestic governance, where it can become an important instrument assisting China’s Party and government to rule the country and manage state affairs. Incorporating part of international law into domestic law and comprehensively advancing the rule of law in accord with the principle of national sovereignty demonstrate the openness and international vision of China’s rule of law construction. Translating these propositions into concrete institutional practice will be of vital significance for improving the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, advancing the international rule of law and promoting world peace.     

The Contemporary Construction of Chinese International Law Discourse

当代中国国际法学的话语体系, —方面, 必须准确、系统、全面表达和传递国际 法基本原则、基本制度和本质特征以及国际法研究过程中逐步确立和发展起来的核心 价值、基本概念、关键术语、主流的理论或学说、具有代表性的观点等基本要素;另 —方面, 应充分、及时体现中国对国际法、国际法学和国际法学话语体系所作出的创 造性贡献。当代中国国际法学话语体系的构建应以 “构建和谐世界”为指导理念, 应 全面顾及国际法治和中国外交政策及其实践的国内、多边、区域和双边等四个基本层 面, 应遵行、符合或顺应国际关系和国际法的基本准则, 全球化与多边主义、区域— 体化与区域主义、国际共同体义务(或权利)和中国和平发展需要等原则、规律或趋势, 应将其基本功能定位为: 推动当代国际法的不断发展和广泛适用, 促进当代国际法的教学、研究和传播, 推进中国的法治进步, 维护中国利益、尤其是国家的核心利 益并提升中国作为负责任大国的国际形象与地位。

关键词: 中国国际法学话语体系 当代国际法 多边主义 区域主义 国际共同体义务

The contemporary construction of Chinese international law discourse, on the one hand, ought to precisely, systematically and completely express and communicate fundamental principles, main regimes and substantial features of international law as well as core values, basic conceptions, key terms, mainstream theories or doctrines and representative views gradually established and developed in the study of international law; on the other hand, it should fully and in a timely way manifest China’s creative contributions to international law and its discipline and discourse. The framework of contemporary Chinese international law discourse should take “building a harmonious world” as the guiding rationale; thoroughly cover the four basic dimensions of the international rule of law and Chinese foreign policy and its practice, namely domestic, multilateral, regional and bilateral; coincide with, follow and respect those rules, natural laws and tendencies such as fundamental rules governing international relations, globalization, multilateralism, regional integration and regionalism, the international community’s obligations (or rights) and China’s needs for peaceful development. It should orient its basic functions toward promoting the continuous development and wide application of contemporary international law as well as its teaching, study and dissemination, stimulating the progress of the rule of law in China, protecting Chinese interests, especially those core national interests, and strengthening China’s international image and status as a responsible big country.     

International Rule of Law and Rule of Law Construction in China

The rule of law has international as well as domestic attributes, so it can be divided into two levels: the domestic rule of law and the international rule of law. Using the thinking behind the international rule of law to build the rule of law in China is both necessary and inevitable. China should put into practice the idea of the international rule of law at the institutional and the governance levels, and should at the same time participate in the UN’s rule of law activities and in international rule-making, thereby extending its rule of law discourse power and influence in the international sphere.     

Rule of Law Construction and Assessment at the Local Level

Going beyond the analytical model of the holistic state in rule of law discussion, we can classify the rule of law into national and local levels based on the stages and increments of its execution. The phenomenon of the local rule of law reflects the stages and incremental progress of building a rule of law China. It has a realistic foundation in society and a profound basis in legal theory. Comprehensively advancing the rule of law in China necessitates giving encouragement and support to construction of the rule of law at the local level. The attempts and experiments of local government enable us to explore and innovate the developmental model of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The rule of law at the local level is embodied in three dimensions: “text—action—concept.” Assessment mechanisms and indicators for the local construction of the rule of law should also be established in accordance with this framework. The building of the rule of law at the local level should be synchronized with assessment of the rule of law. We need to optimize top-level design, conduct evaluations of local legislation, improve local rule of law work performance assessment and use a rule of law index to assess the local rule of law in an overall manner.     

The Development of Jurisprudence in China

Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China has passed through three developmental stages: recovery, stability and flourishing growth. This development has revolved around the axis of “politics—rule by law—rule of law— rule of law system—rule of law path—rule of law China.” By virtue of discussion of the core themes of jurisprudence and basic categories, jurisprudence has mounted ever higher. On the basis of summing up existing experience, the development and progress of Chinese jurisprudence in the new era should firmly uphold a disciplinary orientation, an indigenous orientation, a mass orientation and an orientation toward practice and modernization. We must seek new logical starting points, constantly pioneer and innovate, and contribute new wisdom and programs to the comprehensive governance of the country according to law.     

A Community of Shared Future for Mankind—The Contemporary Development of the Social Foundations Theory of International Law*

In the traditional understanding, the social basis of the emergence and existence of international law can be summed up as an international society in which interstate conflict and cooperation and interests and contradictions coexist. In recent years, the term “international community” has been widely used in national practice and academic discourse. Many scholars believe that the development of interstate relations indicates that the international community is being transformed into a global international community. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” reflects China’s new understanding of the social foundations of international law. It introduces Chinese traditional culture into global governance, develops Marxist theory on the community, is concerned both for mankind as a whole and for individuals, highlights the ultimate issues of the international community, and emphasizes the international community’s union of diversity and interdependence. The idea of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great significance for the theory and practice of international law; it reflects the emergence of methodological holism, the response of international law to the questioning of its legitimacy, and the trend toward hierarchical systematization in international law. The concept of “a community of shared future for mankind” is of great value to China’s participation in the reform of the global governance system. It will help promote appreciation of the relations between China and the world, enhance China’s international discourse power and discourse force, and promote the rule of law in international relations that China advocates.     

试析社会主义核心价值观的传统文化意蕴

社会主义核心价值观包括富强、民主、文明、和谐,自由、平等、公正、法治,以及爱国、敬业、诚信、友善,中国传统文化是社会主义核心价值观的重要理论来源和发展动力。社会主义核心价值观不但彰显和继承了中国传统文化,更以马克思主义理论为指导,以中国特色社会主义实践为依据,以国际格局和时代背景为视角,在扬弃的基础上对中国传统文化进行了提升与超越。     

The Idea of the Judicial System in a Large Country and the Development of International Civil Procedure in China*

The development of China’s international civil procedure should correspond to the development of the country’s reform and opening to the outside world. As a large economic country, China needs to draw on international civil procedures to guarantee its worldwide interests; and as a large country with the rule of law, it needs to improve the level of its judicial services and enhance the market attraction of its judicial system in global dispute resolution. Given that a country’s judicial system is an important element in measuring its comprehensive competitiveness, the global competitiveness of our international civil procedure is one of the goals to be pursued in the reform of Chinese judicial system. In order to raise the level of Chinese international civil procedure, China should emphasize the idea of the judicial system of a large country and prioritize its competitiveness, service orientation and cooperative approach to dispute resolution. In addition, it should focus on the following reforms: firstly, establishing a specialized system of international civil jurisdiction, with an increase in matters for competitive jurisdiction; secondly, enhancing China’s specialist services capacity in international civil actions, highlighting the expedient protection given to the rights of the parties concerned and stressing the professional development of judicial bodies in the commercial field; and thirdly, strengthening international judicial cooperation and facilitating the global movement of Chinese judgments.     

《财富》带来的财富——1999《财富》全球论坛世界500强的启示

所有的竞争都需要实力 ,所有的实力都来自经济。在全球经济一体化的国际市场上 ,作为融经济实力和国际竞争力于一体的世界 50 0强企业 ,已被潜力巨大、商机无限的中国市场所吸引。 1 999《财富》全球论坛在中国举办充分显示了中国在未来世界经济中的重要地位。这是世界给中国的机遇 ,也是中国给世界的机遇。但在欣喜之余 ,更大的感受是压力。本文介绍了中国企业与世界 50 0强企业的优势与差距 ,机遇与挑战 ,明确提出中国企业要借鉴 50 0强经验 ,力争跻身世界诸强 ,参与全球竞争     

International Rule of Law and Methodological Innovation

The practice of the international rule of law needs a theoretical guide, and the formulation of the theory of international law has to depend upon practice, which imposes new requirement upon the methodology of international law. Traditional research into legal doctrine is unfavorable to the creative exertion of international jurisprudence, and the research methods of social sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the methodological innovation of international law. From the perspective of promotion of the international rule of law, the study of international law needs to deep research a State’s motives, cause and innate logic in observing international aw, and law and economics can show its capability in this field. For the international rule of law, basic research needs to be carried about such social surroundings as where the rules are produced and applied and exerting influences. The research method of the sociology of law exactly hits the point. The application of empirical and experimental research methods offers a beforehand “rehearsal” chance for the process of the rule of law to grasp the pros and cons in the planning and practice of the rule of law. The cooperation between the research methods of social science and the traditional research method of international law can reasonably interpret the phenomena of international relations and promote the international rule of law.     

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance*

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society. Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens, legal persons, organizational bodies, etc., formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology; and also a reflection, expansion and expression, singly or in synthesis, of various relationships in the fields of the real economy, politics, culture, society and the environment. The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories, systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements, structures, procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track. Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China, summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance, and reflecting on existing legislative, law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms, effective implementation, strict supervision and strong guarantees. This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing, operating, using and safeguarding the Internet, thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.     

批判法理学在中国的兴起

批判法理学的迅速崛起是21世纪中国法理学的一个重要特征.於兴中、冯象和强世功是中国批判法理学思潮的发动者和推动者.於兴中运用文明秩序理论批判一元的法律文明秩序和国家法制主义,并提出社会理论与法之研究的种种面相.冯象则从宗教和伦理的角度对中国的政法体制和法治意识形态做出了鞭辟入里的分析和批判.强世功将新中国形成的法律传统概括为法律的治理化传统,并主张中国的法理学应该迈向立法者的法理学.批判法理学致力于反思和批判中国的法治和法理学传统,力图在批判反思的基础上为中国未来的法治和法理学提出一幅理想的图景.     

中国国际法学话语体系的当代构建(英文)

当代中国国际法学的话语体系,一方面,必须准确、系统、全面表达和传递国际法基本原则、基本制度和本质特征以及国际法研究过程中逐步确立和发展起来的核心价值、基本概念、关键术语、主流的理论或学说、具有代表性的观点等基本要素;另一方面,应充分、及时体现中国对国际法、国际法学和国际法学话语体系所作出的创造性贡献。当代中国国际法学话语体系的构建应以“构建和谐世界”为指导理念,应全面顾及国际法治和中国外交政策及其实践的国内、多边、区域和双边等四个基本层面,应遵行、符合或顺应国际关系和国际法的基本准则,全球化与多边主义、区域一体化与区域主义、国际共同体义务（或权利）和中国和平发展需要等原则、规律或趋势,应将其基本功能定位为：推动当代国际法的不断发展和广泛适用,促进当代国际法的教学、研究和传播,推进中国的法治进步,维护中国利益、尤其是国家的核心利益并提升中国作为负责任大国的国际形象与地位。     

当代中国政治文化变迁与政治发展

政治文化塑造着政治人和政治体系的政治行为模式,从而会对一个国家政治发展的进程产生重大影响。随着中国社会的发展与进步,中国政治文化变迁的局面已经显现,这主要表现为：政治认知倾向于全面与深刻,政治态度倾向于理性与客观,政治情感倾向于独立与温和,政治信仰呈现一元主导与多元并存的局面。当代中国政治文化变迁会推动政治体系逐步迈向民主、开放和透明,促进公民权利保护的机制建设,推进中国法治国家建设,从而对中国政治发展起到推动作用。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND BEAUTIFUL CHINA Roadmap for the Construction of an Ecological Rule of Law in China

十八大报告在将建设社会主义法治国家作为治国理政总体方略的同时,把中国特色社会主义事业总体布局由经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设“四位一体”拓展为包括生态文明建设的‘五位一体’,勾画了中国生态法治建设的路线图。其目标是确立与生态文明相适应的生态环境法治系统,任务是将生态理性纳入法治运行轨道,路径是健全和完善生态法治的制度与体制机制。     

全球治理:中国不干涉政策与国际法

一直以来,独立自主的和平外交政策是中国政府开展对外关系的基石,集中体现为坚定奉行不干涉政策。随着经济全球化进程以及中国"走出去"战略的不断推进,一方面,中国国家利益开始遍布海外,并与他国利益相互交织在一起;另一方面,中国参与全球治理也需要让渡部分主权性权利。越来越多的人认为,中国政府一味机械地固守不干涉政策似乎显得有点陈腐和过时。因此,在继续恪守不干涉他国内部事务和尊重他国主权等国际法基本原则的基础上,中国政府需要适时和灵活地调整以往对外严格奉行的不干涉政策,积极而创造性地介入国际事务,这对于其在新时期担负起"负责任大国"的角色、参与塑造新的世界秩序以及促进当代国际法的发展都具有十分重要的战略意义。     

我国汉语国际推广教育问题探析

全球化背景下,国家间的关系日益密切,软实力越来越成为决定一国国际影响力的关键因素。作为文化“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,汉语国际推广与我国的国际关系和国际教育发展密切相关。我国汉语推广的国际教育发展还处于初级阶段,仍存在着招生宣传方式单一、师资力量不足、教学资源配置不均衡等问题,这严重制约了我国汉语国际推广的发展。汉语推广的国际教育应积极建立双向机制,调整教育管理模式,培养教育师资队伍,着力推进汉语推广国际教育的发展。     

试论培植当代中国法治文化的基点和路径

市场经济、民主政治和法治文化是实现法治的基础性条件。中外法治的实践充分表明,法治文化作为社会文化的重要组成部分,存在着不同的培植、生成模式。如何立足于我国国情、传统与民情,培育出既符合法治的共性,同时又具有中国特色的法治文化是建设中国特色社会主义法治的现实性课题。     

改革开放以来世界城市治理法治化的进程

"世界城市"诸多指标中,法治是核心要素之一。30年来,中国已走上法治道路,其中大城市的法治建设作了重要贡献。依据世界和中国经验,世界城市的法治化应走"强政府"大社会"的路子;应创建"法治型"政府,关键是做好人权保障和权力制约;应创建"服务型"政府,将"职责"置于"职权"的优先地位。北京作为"世界城市",未来仍应十分重视法治建设。     

海上执法中武力使用问题研究

我国海上执法主体以海警为主，海事、海军为辅。一般来说，海上执法时如遇有以下情形可以使用武力：行使自卫权、行使执法权受阻和打击海上犯罪。海上执法中的武力使用应当符合“必要且合理”的原则，并按照国际通常程序进行，即使用武力的警告、进行警示性射击直至对船体的武力打击。武力使用必须根据有关授权、依照国家的法律法规、军队的条令和条例进行，并按照规定程序请示报告。同时，海上执法中的武力使用还要受我国批准或加入的国际条约、国际习惯和联合国安理会决议的约束，使用武力不当造成损害的，由国家承担相应的法律责任。