21世纪中国面临的人口问题再认识以及应对策略

人口规模巨大引发的社会经济矛盾、劳动就业压力与结构性短缺并存和人口老龄化双重影响、城市化下巨大乡-城人口转移压力、出生性别比偏高、低生育水平的惯性副作用是未来人口发展中突出的问题。在大力发展社会经济的前提下,调整过低生育水平,协调和稳定未来人口年龄结构是人口发展战略的必然选择。     

谈人口与生育政策

人口是同国家经济和社会发展紧密相联而又影响全局的一个战略问题。因此,任何一个国家都有自己的人口政策。人口政策所包含的内容很多。在目前的中国,人口问题主要是计划生育问题人口。政策的基本精神就体现在计划生育政策中。(一)人口政策与计划生育政策人口政策与计划生育政策是相互关联而又不尽相同的两个概念。人口政策指国家在调节和干预人口发展过程所采取的态度、手段、措施。它属于上层建筑,是统治阶级意志的体现,是任何一种社会、任何一个国家都有的。其主要内容包括三个方面:     

从宁夏回族人口年龄构成看少数民族地区实行计划生育的必要性和紧迫性

人口年龄构成是不同年龄组人口在总人口中所占的比重,它反映了一个国家或一个地区在一定时点的人口年龄分布状况,是过去人口再生产变化的结果,又是影响未来人口再生产规模和速度的重要因素。不同年龄的人口在社会和经济活动中处于不同的地位,起着不同的作用,有着各自不同的需求。因此,研究人口的年龄构成,可以揭示人口总体在发展过程中形成的特点和规律,判断人口类型及人口再生产类型方式向某一方面转化的可能,以及对社会各方面产生的影响,对于制定人口政策和经济计划具有重要的意义。宁夏是以回族为主体     

欧盟国家人口老龄化及其对社会经济政策的影响

在未来 15年里 ,欧盟国家人口年龄结构将发生很大的变化 ,其中老年人口尤其高龄人口群 (80岁及以上 )比例增加较快。持续的低生育率和不断延长的人口预期寿命是加快人口老龄化进程的根本原因。人口老龄化带来一系列的社会经济影响 ,主要反映在劳动力资源及相关政策 ,老年福利制度 ,养老金制度 ,健康照料制度和移民政策等方面。     

宏观人口数量对国防人力资源供给的影响

国防人力资源是国家总人口中占有一定数量、质量和结构的特殊人口,且在总人口中占有重要地位。国防人力资源的供给,除受制于社会生产力水平和生产关系的制约,还受制于宏观人口数量的影响,特别是取决于国家现有适龄人口及其参与国防建设的能力。     

统筹城乡发展中的人口政策研究述评

认真研究统筹城乡发展中的人口政策问题对统筹城乡发展和统筹解决人口问题都具有非常重要的意义。统筹城乡发展中的人口政策研究涉及到了统筹解决城乡人口数量、素质、结构、分布的协调发展问题．包括了人口与计划生育、人力资源开发与教育、社会保障、就业与劳动保障等方面的内容。目前较多成果集中在人口政策对统筹城乡发展的重要性、意义、作用路径与方式等方面。未来还需要在对人口政策体系进行调研的基础上进行全面系统地研究。文章最后提出了系统研究统筹城乡发展中的人口政策内容。     

完善人口政策维护人口安全促进社会和谐

人口安全是国家最基本、最重要的安全问题之一.经过多年的努力,我国的人口安全状况得到了很大的改善,但新时期依然面临着巨大的挑战.要维护我国人口安全,努力构建社会主义和谐社会,确保国家经济社会发展目标的顺利实现,迫切需要完善我国的人口政策,解决好影响人口安全的因素与问题.     

知识经济时代我国企业人力资源发展及对策

知识经济时代,企业所面临的市场环境及人力资源都发生了深刻的变化,对企业组织及社会产生了深远的影响。人力资源作为企业组织取得和维系竞争优势的关键要素,也必然发生巨大的变化。我国知识经济时代企业人力资源也发生了各种变化,从变化中总结经验,确定我国企业人力资源的未来发展对策。     

中国门巴族未来人口预测与民族地区经济发展研究

根据“五普”数据显示,我国少数民族人口为106430000人,占全国总人口的8.41%。虽然少数民族整体人数相对较少,但对少数民族地区的社会、经济发展起着重要的作用。本文采用因素法模型对我国人口数量较少的门巴族未来人口进行预测,分析未来50年门巴族人口的发展状况以及对民族地区经济发展的影响,对少数民族人口可持续发展,以及对民族地区社会经济发展有着重要的意义,为国家制定少数民族尤其是人口数量较少的少数民族人口发展规划提供政策依据,也有利于少数民族地区人口、社会与经济的和谐发展。     

我国生育政策演进与人口均衡发展——从独生子女政策到全面二孩政策的思考

我国在全国范围推行计划生育政策始于20世纪70年代早期,是在经济发展水平长期低迷和人口"爆炸"强烈反差下被迫做出的选择。计划生育政策根据人口、经济社会发展和资源环境形势进行动态调整是国家发展的需要,也是人口发展规律的要求。全面二孩政策是生育政策调整的延续,终止了紧缩性的生育政策,开启了相对宽松性的生育政策时代,其政策实施的人口效果预期利远大于弊。评判人口均衡发展要遵循人口发展的规律性。全面二孩政策和未来生育政策的进一步完善对人口长期均衡发展和人口与经济社会、资源环境协调可持续发展具有积极意义。促进人口长期均衡发展是我国需要坚持的发展战略。     

On the relationship between population and economic development--celebrating the 35th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China]

Population is very closely linked to the economic development of a society. The quantity, quality, structure, distribution, and movement of a population can help or hinder the rate of economic development. A developed country with low population density and a low percentage of employable people needs an increase in population in order to keep up with economic development. On the other hand, for an underdeveloped country with high population density and a high percentage of employable people, any increase in population will be detrimental to its economy. Man is a producer as well as a consumer, and in order to balance the rate of production and the rate of consumption, a certain poulation level must be maintained. The status of the economy determines the appropriate level. Population policy must be developed according to the following guidelines: 1) it must be based on the society's economic development; 2) since economy and population are closely related, they must both be worked on at the same time; and 3) both the quantity and quality of life of the population must also be worked on at the same time. Dealing with the relationship between population and the economic development of a society properly can bring about rapid improvement in the economic development and standard of living of that society.     

金砖国家经济发展潜力比较分析—基于人力资源和城市化的视角

随着金砖国家经济增长速度加快,人力资源、城市化对于经济增长的贡献也将日益显著,并成为金砖国家经济发展的两大重要引擎。本文通过从这两个方面比较分析金砖国家的经济发展潜力,指出中国若想在金砖国家中保持绝对优势,在今后城市化过程中,一方面,须大力提高人口素质,积累人力资本,促进人口数量优势转向质量优势;另一方面,须促进城市化与经济和社会协调发展,避免“过度城市化陷阱”。     

生育文明与我国未来生育率控制

我国的生育率变化一直以来都与生育文明的发展有着密切的关系。深厚的传统生育文化支持着我国农业社会的高生育水平,这在历史上起到过一定的积极作用,但是庞大的人口数量越来越成为我国经济社会发展的包袱。我国现阶段生育率已经在计划生育政策的控制下,达到了一个较低的标准。但是,这种低生育水平还很不稳定,也不可避免的带来了一些社会问题。随着我国经济发展和社会转型,推进生育文明的发展将成为稳定低生育水平,实现适度人口规模的最好方法。     

实现小康社会目标与人口、社会经济可持续发展

人口发展速度过快、数量增长过多,将减少人均GDP的占有量,影响全面建设小康社会经济发展目标的实现和经济社会的可持续发展。继续稳定现行生育政策仍然是21世纪前半叶我国人口、社会经济可持续发展的基本战略决策。     

The integration and coordination of strategies for population growth and economic development]

Strategies on population growth are the guiding principles for population reproduction and activity. A strategy for economic development is the fundamental policy directing all the economic activities of the nation. These 2 strategies are closely related and support each other. They share some common grounds: 1) with a large population and a high percentage of the population being peasant, the labor productivity remains rather low, and population pressure on the economy is intense; 2) when a country has large territory and rich natural resources, the average arable land for each individual is still not much, and some available resources for each individual are also limited; and 3) the distribution of the population is out of balance. The areas with a higher population density receive more pressure on their economy. This situation explains the need to improve the population distribution. Labor resources should match reasonable with natural resources in order to reduce the pressure on areas with a high population density. Because of the labor's low level professional skill and poor management, modernized constructions have met with serious troubles. Moreover, the traditional view on population and population growth also needs correction. In order to integrate and coordinate these 2 strategies, one needs to understand correctly the connection between the two, and also understand the effects of the economy on the population. In the 2nd step, we need to pay attention to how to control the size of population and improve quality in order to match modernized production patterns. The balance between the two should be achieved with constant efforts. In population growth strategy, efforts are needed to limit quantity, improve quality, adjust the population structure, and redesign the geographical distribution of the population. In the economic development strategy, efforts are needed to promote economic effectiveness, a balanced development and a sustained growth for the national economy, in order to increase industrial and agricultural production and provide more income for each individual.     

Change of population policy and the population situation in China]

A correct population policy is very crucial to the solution of the population problem, economic development, and social progress. The real situation in China now is a large population, a high rate of population growth, and low level of productivity. Facing this situation, China's population policy should include control of population growth in quantity, a promotion of population quality, and a match between population growth and social and economic development for the final realization of the Four Modernizations. In recent years, under the leadership of the National Committee on Family Planning, together with cooperation from various offices at the local level, a great change has taken place in China's population situation. The fertility rate has declined gradually, and late marriage, delayed births, and a reduced number of births have also become popular. A change in the age structure of the population has also slowed the pace of population growth. A reduction in the ratio of women of childbearing age is also helpful in the control of population growth, and the natural growth rate for the population has declined. This change shows that family planning is working in China and great results have been achieved. To come closer to the national goal of population control, practical work should be focused on rural areas. The rural population constitutes about 80% of total population and the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher than that of the cities. If population control can be achieved in the rural areas, the overall goal of population control for the country can then be achieved more easily.     

21世纪中国可持续发展面临的人口困境与对策

21世纪 ,中国将面临更加严峻的人口形势。人口数量继续增长、人口素质低、人口高龄化速度快是制约中国可持续发展的关键因素。为了给中国未来经济、社会发展创造更加适宜的人口环境 ,必须坚定不移地实行低生育率政策 ,控制人口数量过快增长 ;通过人力资本投资工程并构建人力资本投资与回报机制 ,有效地开发和利用人力资源 ;建立符合中国实际的养老保障体制     

Theory and methods in China's population policy]

Before 1949, China's population development was noted for its high birth rate, high death rate, and low natural growth rate. After 1949, the death rate showed a large-scale decline, the birth rate was maintained at a high level, and natural growth rate also remained high. Between 1949 and 1973, the natural growth rate was kept above a 2% annual rate. Since then, the need for population control has become increasingly obvious. The theory and methods of China's population policy can be summarized in the following points: (1) material production has to keep up with the pace of population growth, and that means the quantity and quality of the population have to match athe production of materials needed for life and consumption; (2) in a Socialist society, material production and population growth have to develop with well-designed plans; (3) the population question has a direct impact on social and economic development; (4) through enforcement of a national policy, cooperation from different individuals, and ideological education, family planning will gradually be accepted by the general public for the well-being of the country.