与北京现代化相关的几个人口与计划生育问题

2002年5月,北京市第九次党代会明确提出,北京市要努力在全国率先基本实现现代化,并且从加快首都经济现代化、首都城市现代化、首都社会现代化的进程及巩固和发展首都安定团结的政治局面等四个方面提出了具体任务。北京市如何实现现代化,特别是从经济建设、社会发展、城市面貌、文化建设等方面如何实现现代化,已经有了很多很好的建议和方案。但如果从人口的角度去考虑如何     

生育现代化和测度指标体系

本文阐述了生育现代化的涵义,构建了测度生育现代化进程的指标体系,并且根据设立的指标对我国生育现代化进程进行了测算。     

加入WTO与21世纪中国社会结构转型和人口发展

一、加入WTO与中国社会结构转型加入WTO是中国政府为适应经济全球化趋势而做出的一项重大战略决策,也是扩大开放、深化改革的必然结果。从长远来看,加入WTO不仅有利于中国的经济发展,而且有利于加快中国的现代化进程。现代化进程是工业化、城市化和社会现代化三位一体的演讲过程,我国长期以来的现代化过分重视工业化而忽视了城市化和社会现代化,加入WTO对中国城市化和社会现代化的     

现阶段我国西部少数民族省区的现代化状况分析

本文从国内较为流行的"二次现代化理论"出发,对现阶段我国西部少数民族省区的现代化状况做了简要的分析和探讨,并提出了加快其现代化进程的措施和建议.     

实施计划生育宣传教育大联合

随着社会现代化进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高,人们的生活方式和生育观念、生育行为发生巨大的变化。面对变化了的新形势,如何建立大联合、大融合的计生宣传教育工作新机制,把婚育新风送进千家万户,四川省蓬溪县对此进行了有益的探索。     

温州农民的分化与角色变迁问题初探

随着农村经济的发展和乡村城市化进程的加快,传统的农民开始分化,他们在商品经济发展中的社会角色发生了深刻的变迁。这种变革,不仅影响着农民自身的现代化进程,而且也对农村现代化建设产生深远的影响。本文拟就温州农村改革以来农民的分化情况进行一简单剖析,揭示其成因,肯定其作用和意义,以便采取相应对策,推进农民与农村的现代化。     

中国人口现代化发展的历史与现状

利用已建立的人口现代化评价指标体系,对中国及各地区人口现代化发展的历史与现状进行了量化考察与分析。研究表明:中国及各地区人口现代化内部各方面发展极不平衡,加快经济发展与人口(社会)结构的调整是加快中国人口现代化进程的必然选择。     

现代化与中国人口素质

本文探讨的是现代化与人口素质的关系,目的在于分析中国人口素质之于其现代化进程的适应性及其相互联系。探讨的方法是,以中国的现代化进程及其发展目标作为参照系,考察中国人口素质的状况及其与现代化的相互适应状况,以揭示中国人口素质在现代化中的作用。 一、中国的现代化 作为一种意愿,中国的现代化早于十九     

关于现代化进程中的老年人地位

<正> 现代化是人类社会出现的一股新的历史性潮流。在现代化进程中,随着人们收入的增加、环境的改善和医疗条件的改进,人们更加健康长寿。老年人口日益增多。可见,现代化与老年化进程呈正相关关系,而且对老年人的社会地位、生活质量的变化产生了重要的影响,可以说老年化也正是现代化社会变迁中的一个典型特征和趋势。在现代社会中,老人的社会地位究竟是上升还是下降?社会现代化程度对老人在家庭中的处境和作用有怎样的影响?老龄化是社会发展的积极因素还是障碍?面对现代化与老龄化的挑战,我们不得不探索和思考上述问题,以便制定正确的政策,促进社会更加稳定协调地向前发展。     

关于生育文化现代化的几点思考

生育文化现代化是我国现代化建设进程中不可或缺的重要内容 ,同时在稳定低生育水平、丰富和发展人口科学等方面亦具有重要的理论与现实意义。论文通过对生育文化历史的考察 ,探讨了生育文化的内涵及类型的演进轨迹 ,结合社会经济基础的现实条件 ,提出了加速我国生育文化现代化构建的路径选择     

对“中国人口城市化进程”问题的定位思考

在“中国人口城市化进程”的这个话题里,可以折射出中国发展的一段历史,本文试图从一个历史的、发展的、联系的视角作为定位思考的基本点,在探讨和分析中梳理思路,从而对中国人口城市化进程有一个比较理性客观的认识。这就是本文的初衷。     

析性文化与性教育

本文首先对性文化作了诠释,指出性文化是不断创造不断进化的过程,随着经济的发展,性文化应该日趋健康,日趋完善,后从性教育入手,指出为了在全社会形成健康、文明的性文化,必须抓好性教育,特别是青春期性教育,形成一种良好的性氛围,弘扬中国优良的性伦理道德。     

The consequences of metropolitan decentralization for personal gasoline consumption

It is often argued that more decentralized and spatially dispersed metropolitan areas require their residents to consume more gasoline than more centralized metropolitan areas. This notion is deduced from the assumption that, (1) populations decentralize, and (2) as this happens, people locate at distances farther removed from metropolitan centers which house most of the services, shops and jobs which suburban residents must travel to. In this article, it is argued that, at advanced stages of metropolitanization, the places to which people travel also decentralize and as this happens the gasoline consumption of metropolitan residents in more decentralized areas actually becomes lower than that of residents in more centralized areas. The latter argument is tested using multiple indicators of decentralization, and a number of control variables. All of the indicators of expansion relate to gasoline consumption in the predicted direction; the implications of this for energy and location policy are discussed.This research was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (SOC 7826121 and SOC 77-07579), and the Program of University Research, U.S. Department of Transportation (80-193).     

Fathers�� time investments in children: do sons get more?

This paper uses the 2003 American Time Use Survey to examine the effects of child gender on paternal time with children in married two-parent families. The results show that fathers of boys invest more time in children than those with only daughters and reduce their leisure time without children to do so. Boys get more of this time than girls in all-girl families and compared to their own sisters. Girls with brothers receive more of fathers’ time than girls with only sisters, but this is primarily in television watching, so whether this advantages them is open to question.     

儿童照料与二孩生育意愿 ——来自上海的证据

本文围绕一项针对上海市育龄女性的生育意愿调查,分别使用二分和有序Logit方法分析儿童照顾对上海市育龄女性的二孩生育意愿的影响。研究发现当育龄女性能够从家庭内和社会中获得更多孩子照料的时间支持时,她们有更高的二孩生育意愿,也会伴有更明确的二孩生育规划;双独家庭能够从父辈获得更多的经济、时间上的帮助,因此他们要比单独家庭和双非家庭更愿意再生一个孩子;居住于上海市城区的女性从某种程度上更易获得孩子的照料资源,有更多的优质教育资源可供选择,因此她们的二孩生育意愿高于居住于郊区的女性。此外,本文通过是否采用了避孕措施对二孩生育的意愿程度做了进一步区分,结果发现当第一个孩子主要是由孩子父母承担照料工作的时候,女性存在二孩生育意愿的程度是最低的,祖辈照料对二孩生育意愿程度的积极影响也明显低于社会性照料,此现象在上海市户籍的女性中体现尤为明显。最后为纠正自选择偏差问题,本文使用倾向值匹配方法(PSM)进一步验证了与首孩性别相比,首孩的抚养成本与接受照料情况显然对二孩生育意愿的影响程度更大。因此,本文认为加大公共托育服务的供给、为育龄女性提供高质量的0-3岁婴幼儿社会照料支持是提高二孩生育意愿的最有效政策。     

The Compositional and Institutional Sources of Union Dissolution for Married and Unmarried Parents in the United States

Unmarried parents have less stable unions than married parents, but there is considerable debate over the sources of this instability. Unmarried parents may be more likely than married parents to end their unions because of compositional differences, such as more disadvantaged personal and relationship characteristics, or because they lack the normative and institutional supports of marriage, thus rendering their relationships more sensitive to disadvantage. In this article, we evaluate these two sources of union instability among married, cohabiting, and dating parents following the birth of a shared child, using five waves of longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Using discrete-time event history models, we find that demographic, economic, and relationship differences explain more than two-thirds of the increased risk of dissolution for unmarried parents relative to married parents. We also find that differential responses to economic or relationship disadvantage do not explain why unmarried parents are more likely to end their unions than married parents.     

Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: I. A systematic literature search

The relationship between various forms of nonreproduction (especially homosexuality) and intelligence (as measured by IQ and other tests) is investigated by a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies without regard to the direction of their findings. Most studies found the more homosexual subject groups' scores to be higher than those of the more heterosexual controls, and all exceptions to this trend are concentrated in one subgroup: prisoners. Moreover, the more representative the sample studied, and the less subject to challenge the methodology used, the clearer and more statistically significant was the superiority in intelligence of the more homosexual over the more heterosexual group.     

The Relationship Between Personality,Supportive Transactions and Support Satisfaction,and Mental Health of Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Results from the Dutch Part of the Euridiss Study

The relationships between two personality characteristics (neuroticism, extraversion), three types of supportive transactions (emotional support, social companionship, instrumental support) and satisfaction with these transactions, and two aspects of mental health (feelings of anxiety and depressive mood) were studied among 280 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Structural equation modeling of the relevant variables showed that people with a more neurotic personality profile showed more anxiety and depressed feelings. Extraversion had no direct effect on depression or anxiety. Companionship, both transactions and satisfaction, had an independent positive effect on depression but not on anxiety. The effect of emotional support ran via social companionship: more emotional support (both transactions and satisfaction) was expressed in companionship leading to a less depressed mood. Finally, more depressed people received more instrumental supportive transactions while more satisfaction with this type of supportive transactions was related to less anxiety.  Apart from the disturbing effect of a neurotic personality profile on mental health, the results once more underscore the importance of social companionship as a multi-functional activity for people’s mental health. Maintaining this type of relationships despite a disabling condition gives people the opportunity to derive rewards that otherwise could not or only with more difficulty be achieved.     

中国老年贫困人口规模研究

利用最低生活保障数据,采用不同贫困标准,对中国老年贫困人口规模进行测算。采用农村贫困线和"1天1美元"两个标准,测得农村老年贫困人口规模在1 400万人以上;采用城镇最低生活保障标准和"1天2美元"两个标准,测得城镇老年贫困人口规模在300万人左右。这样,中国老年贫困人口总规模近1 800万,老年贫困发生率超过10%。     

西北地区人力资本在经济增长中作用的实证分析

本文利用总量生产函数模型,采用因素分解法分析了1990-2000年间西北五省区人力资本投入在经济增长中的贡献度,同时分析了物资资本、劳动力投入及技术进步因素的贡献作用。分析结果表明,物质资本是主要的经济增长贡献因素,人力资本和技术进步也在起到越来越大的作用。