聚焦高中教育——置于教育公平性视野下——高中何以成为人们获得高等教育机会的狭窄瓶颈？

能否获得高等教育机会,对人的职业生涯乃至社会分层有着重大影响。因为,从高等教育阶段起,就根据专业的划分重新进行社会分工,地域、户口等对人口流动的限制也被冲破。影响高等教育机会获得的直接因素可分为两大类:高等教育的资源分布状况和高考招生政策,以及高中教育机会获得的延续性影响。高等教育资源分布状况是指高等学校的地域分布、各种层次高校的分布状况,高考招生政策包括考试方法和标准、录取分数线的划定、考生资格的规定、收费等问题。这些问题是从高等教育政策的影响看待高等教育机会获得的状况。而高中教育机会获得对高等教育机会获得的影响,是从整个教育系统的角度来看待高等教育的公平问题。由杨东平教授主持的国家教育十五规划课题“我国高等教育公平问题研究”显示:高中教育已经成为影响普通高等教育机会获得的狭窄瓶颈。     

高考新政与个体高等教育选择

高考新政中招考方式的变化,意味着过去被动的"一考定终身"现象将被打破,学生的自主选择将成为高等教育机会获得的重要决定因素。目前,我国有关个体高等教育选择与高等教育机会获得的研究还相对较少,国外这一领域的相关研究有重要的借鉴意义,表现在以下三个方面:其一,研究路径上,基于行动性路径的高等教育需求-选择研究凸显了个体主动的教育选择对高等教育扩张及教育机会不平等的影响作用;其二,研究取向上,以布东为代表的理性选择研究提出了影响教育获得的首要效应和次要效应,揭示了个体选择、成绩与教育制度对高等教育机会获得的共同影响;其三,教育策略上,高中-大学链接策略和个体教育信念对高等教育选择具有重要意义。     

论教育财政公平

教育公平是社会公平的重要基础,党和国家高度重视教育公平。2010年,党中央、国务院颁布《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》(以下简称《纲要》),明确提出"把促进公平作为国家基本教育政策"。本文主要基于伯尔尼和斯蒂弗尔框架的分析,对我国义务教育和高等教育财政公平进行了分析,并在几个层面分别提出了对策建议。     

从制度视角看我国高等教育发展的公平问题

教育公平是社会公平的延伸，教育公平对实现广泛的社会公平具有基础性作用。目前，我国高等教育发展普遍存在不公平的问题，主要原因就是高等教育制度的不完善及缺失。无论是招生就业制度还是高校学费制度、高校内部管理制度以及高等教育法律制度都存在严重的漏洞及缺失。完善和改革高等教育制度体系，建立现代大学制度是实现我国高等教育公平发展的重要途径。     

残障大学生的教育支持:问题、影响因素及提升策略

随着教育公平理念在高等教育领域的不断深入,高等教育大众化需要多元化的学术体系,越来越多的残障学生有机会进入普通高校接受高层次教育,对残障大学生的教育支持进行研究势在必行。残障大学生教育支持的影响因素包括经济支持、学业支持、就业支持、社会交往和情感支持以及无障碍环境支持。国家应重视残障大学生教育支持的内涵式发展和外延式发展,社会积极发挥残障大学生教育支持的补充作用,学校紧紧围绕"人才培养、科学研究和社会服务"三项基本职能提供支持,社区提供专业化的社会服务和各类支持。     

走近英美日高中教育

随着我国经济社会的全面发展和高等教育普及改革的逐步推进,大学这一神圣殿堂的光环已经消退不少。而与此相反的是高中教育日渐成为社会的稀缺资源,目前我国每年有一半左右的初中毕业生不能接受高中教育。高中教育中布局结构不合理、师资力量匮乏、教育教学质量偏低等问题也日益凸显。那么,世界发达国家高中教育的现状如何?     

由翟天临学术造假事件引发的对高等教育公平的思考

前段时间,翟天临学术造假事件持续登顶热搜,舆论为何对其不依不饶?因为其触碰了社会公众的底线——教育公平。习近平总书记指出:"教育公平是社会公平的重要基础,要不断促进教育发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民,以教育公平促进社会公平正义。"翟天临学术造假事件,伤害的是老百姓对教育公平的殷殷期待,更刺激了高等教育公平的神经。本文通过回顾翟天临学术造假事件,引发出对我国当前高等教育公平问题的若干思考。     

从人的全面发展的视角谈我国当前高等教育中的公平问题

随着教育改革的进一步发展,国家启动了双一流大学建设工程,相应的高等教育录取政策也进入了改革的攻坚期,这一现状再次引发了各界人士对高等教育公平的极大关注。根据这一情况,从人的全面发展的视角阐明我国当前高等教育中的公平问题。通过对高等教育公平与人的发展关系的剖析,从高等教育受教育者的机会、过程、结果三个方面入手来对我国高等教育在公平方面存在的问题进行系统考察,探索出了推进高等教育公平的方案,从缩小阶层收入差距,加强国家政策导向,引导体观念转变的角度提出了详尽办法,希望这些措施能助力高等教育公平的实现,最终实现人的全面发展。     

聚焦高中教育——置于教育公平性视野下

“教育,这一被公认为实现社会公平的‘最伟大武器’,正在成为扩大社会不公平的加速器。”这一令人担忧的论断使得教育公平性问题近期以来不断升温。其中,高校资源分布不均,高校招生腐败,高考招生政策包括考试方法和标准、录取分数线的划定、考生资格的规定、收费等影响人们获得高等教育机会的问题,成为各大媒体质疑和批评的焦点。然而,教育公平是贯穿整个教育体系的系统性问题。现实存在的各种高等教育入学机会的差距并不是孤立的现象,而是整个教育体系结构性不均等的一部分,在相当程度上是高中教育阶段机会不均等的一种累积和延续。     

“马太效应”在高等教育中的运用

当今我国高等教育正在迅速发展,取得了一定的成就,但是在发展的过程中也出现了一些问题。马太效应在高等教育中主要表现为各个地区之间高等教育发展不平衡,教育经费投入的不足,高校之间发展不平衡,高校之间的教育不公平,高校学生之间发展不平衡。在高等教育领域里,马太效应抑制了欠发达地区高等教育的发展。马太效应在高等学校区域发展、获得高等教育机会方面有着消极的影响,更加突出了高等教育的不公平。因此,应该大力关注欠发达地区高等教育的发展,努力实现教育公平,积极推进国家"双一流"建设,才能有效地降低马太效应对我国高等教育产生的消极影响。     

Généalogie et évolution de la catégorie de « cadre » en Italie

Conceptions of the social world in industrialized countries use categories worked out in the course of a nation's history. In this respect, the notion of cadre for referring to both a concrete social group and a statistical, cognitive category turns out to be a French invention. From a societal perspective, why are there no cadres in Italy? Why is this sort of catchall category for referring to persons in the middle range of employees missing there? Although the notion crystallized through the French experience does not fit the Italian situation, we can inquire into it by examining the history of two close but distinct socioeconomic categories: quadri and dirigenti. A constructivist approach is taken to examining several aspects of the emergence of these categories in Italian society: the place of the institutions that defend and objectify them as a socioeconomic category; the expectations and aspirations that motivate them; the impact of historical and symbolical events in making these categories; and the role of sociologists who persist in analyzing Italian cadres by using quite different theoretical and ideological presuppositions.     

Comment confronter mobilité « subjective » et mobilité « objective » ?

The methods for analyzing objective social mobility and subjective mobility as perceived by individuals are reviewed in the case of two surveys: Trois générations by the French Old-Age Fund (CNAV, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse) and Formation qualification professionnelle by the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). These two surveys have formulated subjective mobility in quite different ways, but this observation also holds for objective mobility, which, for the purpose of comparison with respondents' subjective evaluations, is defined using specific procedures. A method is proposed for contrasting these two sorts of mobility based on classical mobility tables. When the latter are designed so as to cross three variables (social origins, destinations and average scores of subjective mobility), the spontaneous sociology that can be collectively detected in the assessments made by respondents turns out to be not very different from the scholarly sociology of social categories produced by sociologists. After showing that subjective and objective mobility vary coherently in relation to each other, an additional hypothesis is advanced to account for some discrepancies.     

Le modèle de « l'État-stratège » : genèse d'une forme organisationnelle dans l'administration française

Since the 1990s, a new organisational form of the administrative system in France has been steadily redefining relations between central administrations and local state units. Labelled “the steering state” or the “managerial state”, this new paradigm hinges on separating the strategic functions of steering and controlling the state from the operational functions of execution and policy implementation. The making of this new form of state organization involves two parallel processes: political and cognitive. For one thing, the adoption of concrete measures for “government at distance” results from power struggles between three major ministries (Home Office, Budget and Civil Service). For another, a new legitimate “categorization of the state” is being formed in the major committees involved in the reform process of the 1990s; it is borne by top civil servants and inspired by the ideas of New Public Management. — Special issue: New patterns of institutions.     

La précarité de l'emploi au service de la prospérité du fast-food

The fast food industry offers an exception to the traditional rule that steady employment and employee qualifications are necessary for business to thrive. Since this industry sprang up in the United States during the 1950s, its major firms have offered unskilled jobs to a young, devoted labor force in transit between fast-food establishments. As a consequence, the itineraries of incoming new hires and outgoing employees crisscross. Though causing a few operational problems, this high turnover rate among wage-earners is good for business. The major (just-in-time) principle of sales and production requires an exceptionally high commitment. Only new, young team-members correspond to the profile defined in these eateries.     

Contenir le marché : la transition de la criée à la cotation électronique à la Bourse de Paris

Open outcry was fully replaced at the Paris Bourse by an automated trade execution system (CAC) in the late 1980s. In this article, we focus on the circumstances that made this transition possible. We analyze the diverse compromises (both social and technical) that the officials and engineers in charge of the innovation process constructed in order to stabilize the new market device. They had to carefully inscribe into the new system the interests of the actors at stake: bankers and stockbrokers. This case study contributes to economic sociology by drawing a relation between a technical device and the interests set around the “modernization” of a market.     

Les « intermittents » de l'Église. Modalités d'emploi des personnels laïcs dans le catholicisme français

Given the shortage of priests, bishops have assigned permanent religious duties to several thousand laypersons, a majority of them women. Many of these persons have employment contracts. The employment conditions of this new type of permanent personnel tend to be unfavorable: assignments for a few years despite contracts of unlimited duration, part-time work and a nearly minimum wage. Various factors account for this fragility: the dire financial straits of French dioceses; ecclesiastical authorities, determination to present the clergy as the only fully legitimate, permanent personnel in the Church; and the attitude of laypersons who seem to be satisfied with their lot. The efforts to institutionalize this work have encountered difficulties with respect to both the labor code and the unexpected effects produced internally by the advocacy of a “culture of limited duration commitment”.     

La restructuration des PMI à Saint-Étienne après la crise : traces du passé et limites de l'intégration horizontale

On the basis of a survey conducted in Saint-Étienne, France, as part of a comparative European project on “modes of governance” in local economies (which, thus, takes into account the level of small and medium-sized industry and the middle level of the territory), questions are raised about the goods and services that enable these industries to be competitive with big firms or holdings. For these industries, solutions developed two decades ago for the machine tool industry, mechanics and metal-working are still significant resources. The momentum detected in a small number of fields can lead to an increasing specialization and horizontal integration that favor a more competitive growth. How to know whether this momentum results from still (temporarily) active remnants of the past or whether it is evidence of a collective impetus that can stimulate new economic growth?     

La carrière des artistes et les transformations de la production musicale. Relations de travail et relation au travail dans le monde des musiques rap et électroniques

The interaction between the artistic and managerial poles of the world formed by the persons specialized in rap and electronic music in France is described as well as musicians' occupational culture. The aesthetic and organizational characteristics of these musical genres are shown to influence the division of labour in recording and production. Owing to the combination of artistic and managerial activities typical of these musicians, occupational networks are fluid. This blurring of roles is especially visible in the recording labels used from home studios. Technical changes in the “tools” for this work have led these artists to become professionally involved in management and advertising. Cultural motivations also explain this involvement: the critical stance adopted by the “cultures” of rap, electro, techno, etc., tends to make obsolete the image of the artist as a creator who avoids the engineering aspects of the commercial distribution of his recordings. In contrast, rap and electronic musicians' careers develop through participation in many and various projects, which nurtures their artistic production, improves the quality of their groups and enhances their reputations. Accepting more short-term professional engagements supposedly increases their control over their career profiles. However these musicians voice concerns, in particular, about bonds between the individual and the groups whom they cross (and who cross them) — concerns that can be extended to other types de workers caught up in an occupational world organized “by project”.     

Les usages nationaux d'une science « globale » : La diffusion de nouveaux paradigmes économiques comme stratégie hégémonique et enjeu domestique dans les champs nationaux de reproduction des élites d'État

This paper analyses the production and international diffusion of different forms of State expertise, such as economics, from a threefold perspective: hegemonic strategies structured around the Cold War, professional rivalries between lawyers and economists within the field of state power and the internationalisation of the academic circuits for the reproduction of national elites. In order to understand the relatively low (or delayed) introduction of neo-liberal paradigm in Asia, it starts by highlighting the authoritarian genesis of these new fields of economic expertise, as an instrument for the developmental policies launched by the Cold War dictatures, such as Suharto in Indonesia or Marcos in the Philippinnes. Then, by focusing on the cases of India and South Corea, it analyses how the processes of institutionnalisation and consolidation of these new professional fields was structured around an international division of scientific labour, in which the elite US campuses control both the production of theoretical innovation and the academic networks for the reproduction of the elites of the periphery.     

Retour sur le « secteur informel ». L'économie du Katanga (Congo-Zaïre) face à la falsification de la loi

In the social sciences, the idea of an informal sector has been criticized more for the classification of economic activities in two separate sectors than for the labeling of them as “formal” or “informal”. In the Congo (formerly Zaire), the use of such labels is ambiguous. Labeling has to be understood in the context of corruption, i.e., in a transaction involving the personal networks and social identities of the parties to it. An analysis is made of how such transactions with civil servants shape the local market in the case of the import trade in Katanga. Compared with the formal/informal cleavage, this approach enables us both to see the labeling of economic activities as a social and political process and to draw attention to the plurality of such practices in relations with authorities.