金融危机、政府补贴与盈余操纵——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文以2003~2011年我国沪深两市A股非金融类上市公司为样本,研究金融危机背景下,上市公司是否为获取更多政府补贴进行盈余操纵及其经济后果。结果发现:(1)负向盈余操纵的公司获得更多政府补贴;(2)金融危机之后,负向盈余操纵与政府补贴关系更强;(3)公司使用负向盈余操纵获取更多补贴,会降低政府补贴的边际价值,且操纵程度越大,政府补贴边际价值越低。进一步检验还发现,盈余操纵至亏损状态的企业获得更多政府补贴,而盈余操纵降低政府补贴边际价值现象主要表现在国有企业样本中。该结果说明,政府在对企业进行补贴时,需考虑其可能存在盈余操纵,借助非会计信息以提高补贴的科学性,降低政策性风险,以促进补贴资源更加合理配置。     

上市公司增发股票与发行公司债券的影响因素分析——基于财务特征角度

本文以2007年8月至2011年12月期间增发股票或发行债券的非金融类A股上市公司为研究对象,借助描述统计和Logistic回归模型分析影响上市公司融资工具选择的因素。结果显示上市公司债务融资倾向与公司规模、盈利能力显著正相关,与非负债税盾、成长性、资产负债率显著负相关,与资产担保价值正相关但不显著。同时,分析表明股权集中度会影响公司融资工具的选择,而管理层持股比例和公司融资工具选择的关系不显著。     

上市公司盈余管理实证研究

我国一些上市公司主营业务利润很低,甚至亏损,净利润却很高,这些公司实际上并不具有成长性和发展潜力,因此考察公司业绩时要将非经常性损益分离进行考察,会有助于分析出公司是否进行了盈余管理,了解公司资产质量和长期盈利能力。     

长期资产减值转回研究——来自中国证券市场的经验证据

通过对2001～2004年我国上市公司长期资产减值转回行为的分析,我们发现,上市公司长期资产减值转回主要表现在固定资产和长期投资上。平均地说,如果不允许长期资产减值损失转回,减值转回公司的净利润将下降40.53%,资产将减少0.42%。在控制相关影响因素后,长期资产减值转回金额与公司盈利水平、当年是否亏损显著负相关,与公司是否扭亏显著正相关。这表明上市公司的长期资产减值转回并非由于其资产质量的改善与经济因素的好转,而是出于其盈余管理的动机所致。整体来说,我们的经验证据支持了新《资产减值》准则的修订。"长期资产减值损失不得转回"这一规定有助于压缩上市公司盈余管理的制度空间,使得资产减值更好地反映其经济实质。     

亏损上市公司计提资产减值准备的价值相关性研究

本文对新资产减值会计准则实施后亏损上市公司整体以及具有盈余管理动机的亏损上市公司计提资产减值准备前后的会计盈余价值相关性进行了比较研究,同时还检验了资产减值准备数据本身是否具有增量价值相关性。结果表明：从整体上看,亏损上市公司计提减值准备后增强了会计盈余价值相关性,计提的减值准备数据本身也具有增量价值相关性,同时,文章还发现投资者不能有效识别微利公司的会计盈余质量,而对于巨亏公司与通过转回减值准备方式盈利的公司来说,其会计盈余数据的决策相关性显著低于对比公司,投资者能有效识别其会计盈余质量,这为2007年1月1日起实施的关于已计提的资产减值准备不可转回的会计准则改革提供了实证支持。     

我国上市公司可转债融资选择的实证分析

近年来发行可转债已成为上市公司筹集外部资本的重要融资工具之一。利用Logis- tic回归分析方法检验了公司财务杠杆、成长性、盈利能力、股权结构、公司规模、募集资金规模及行业因素同上市公司在可转债与增发A股选择倾向之间的关系。实证结果发现,可转债融资选择倾向与财务杠杆呈显著负相关,与公司规模呈显著正相关,与公司盈利能力和募集资金规模呈负相关,但显著性水平较低,与公司成长性、第一大股东持股比例以及行业因素无显著相关性。     

困境公司价值相关性研究

本文运用计量经济模型探讨了中国上市公司价值的相关性问题。研究发现在决定中国上市公司价值的因素中 ,资产负债表和损益表对困境公司和正常经营公司的影响是不一样的。对于经营困境公司 ,权益的账面价值与股价之间不存在显著的正相关关系 ,而盈余与股价之间却存在不显著的负相关关系。对于正常经营公司 ,盈余与股价之间有正相关关系。本文的研究结论表明完善上市公司的退市规则和破产法规 ,完善公司上市制度对于健全中国的证券市场是非常重要的。     

资产减值准备计提与会计盈余价值相关性——基于亏损上市公司的经验数据

采用多元回归分析法对新8项资产减值会计准则实施后,亏损上市公司计提减值准备的会计盈余价值相关性进行了研究;在考虑公司个体特点的基础上,运用堆栈回归法,采用随机效应影响的面板模型对不同年度的会计盈余价值相关性进行了分析。结果表明,从整体上看,亏损上市公司计提减值准备后增强了会计盈余价值相关性,计提的减值准备数据本身也具有增量价值相关性,同时,研究还发现盈利年度的会计信息对投资者的决策更有用,以及投资者不能有效识别微利公司的会计盈余质量,而对于巨亏公司与通过转回减值准备方式盈利的公司来说,其会计盈余数据的决策相关性显著低于对比公司,投资者能有效识别其会计盈余质量,这为2007年1月1日起实施的《企业会计准则第8号——资产减值》中规定的关于已计提的减值准备不可转回的会计准则变革提供了实证支持。     

上市公司股权结构与补贴收入关系实证分析

本文在对我国经济体制改革的背景分析和国内外研究文献回顾的基础上,尝试通过经验研究建立反映地方政府所拥有的国有股比例与上市公司所获得的补贴收入之间的相关关系的分析模型.研究发现,地方政府所拥有的国有股权比例与上市公司所获得的补贴收入之间存在显著的正相关关系;而补贴收入占上市公司净利润的比例又与公司上市时间的长度呈负相关关系,同时.地方政府对于上市公司普遍存在的相机治理和干预行为又在客观上加剧了上市公司会计信息失真问题.本文研究结果显示,地方政府向上市公司提供补贴收入的主要动机是增加地方财政收入并提升公共治理绩效.     

发电企业资本结构影响因素实证分析

电力行业是关系国计民生的重要领域,本文针对我国电力企业资本结构特征,利用该行业2005-2010年59家上市公司的截面数据,建立面板数据模型,对其资本结构影响因素进行了实证研究。结果显示：公司规模、成长性、资产有形性与公司的资本结构显著正相关,盈利能力、非负债税盾和资产流动性与资本结构显著负相关。     

基于产品生命周期的多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型

剩余收益模型（Residual Income Model,RIM）是评估公司权益价值的经典模型,特别地,奥尔森系列剩余收益模型由于可以利用历史财务与会计数据而得到广泛运用。本文在一般剩余收益模型的基础上,运用规范研究、逻辑推理等方法,基于产品生命周期理论,即项目处于产品生命周期的不同阶段时,其净资产收益率不同,在增长期的净资产收益率持续上升,衰退期的净资产收益率持续下降,而成熟期的净资产收益率则围绕行业平均水平波动,从理论上就项目投资价值的评估构建了多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型,并就所构建的多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型进行参数赋值分析。研究结果表明该新构建的决策模型具有较好的理论和运用价值,可以作为一种有效的项目投资决策模型。本文的研究一是拓展了剩余收益模型的应用,从主要用于对公司权益价值的估值拓展至对项目投资决策的评估;二是有利于寻求项目投资决策的价值最大化。     

非经常性损益盈余管理的动机、手段和作用研究——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文研究了我国上市公司利用非经常性损益进行盈余管理的行为,发现无论是亏损公司还是盈利公司的盈余管理相当倚重于非经常性损益。利用非经常性损益进行盈余管理动机各异:亏损公司主要是为了实现扭亏和避免亏损等,高盈利公司则是为了平滑利润和避免利润下降。实证结果还表明,非经常性损益确实对上市公司扭亏乃至后续年度是否继续亏损起到了重要作用,且其作用远大于扣除非经常性损益后的操控性应计利润。基于上述研究结果,建议将非经常性损益作为会计核算的一项独立内容纳入利润表,并进行具体、透明的表外披露;同时,也建议在监管政策实施中全面考虑非经常性损益的影响。     

基于最优估计理论的上市公司永久性盈余估计

估计上市公司的永久性盈余对进行股票投资是非常重要的.本文应用最优估计理论中的卡尔曼滤波和强跟踪滤波方法对上市公司的永久性盈余进行动态估计.实证结果表明基于强跟踪滤波的估计比基于卡尔曼滤波的估计精确许多.     

A COMMENT ON THE COST OF NEW ISSUES OF COMMON STOCK

According to the constant growth model and perceived finance theory, the cost of new external equity exceeds the cost of retained earnings due to flotation costs and underpricing. Carlson and Dietz [1] have recently argued that the constant growth model is operationally inadequate whenever the net proceeds from the issuance of a new share differ from book value. Specifically, they contend that the cost of new external equity is less than the cost of retained earnings whenever the net proceeds from a new share exceed book value. We show that these conclusions stem from an error in interpretation and therefore that the constant growth model is valid regardless of the relationship between market prices and book value.     

An Empirical Estimation of the Investor Loss Function Associated with the Use of Analysts' Forecasts of Earnings

The aggregate investor loss function associated with the use of analysts' forecasts of earnings expresses the relation between loss and prediction error. Prior research suggested that the shape of this loss function should provide guidance in decision rules for investors. This study empirically estimates the investor loss function and finds an asymmetry in the relation between loss and analysts' prediction error. For overestimates of earnings, loss is a quadratic function of error; while for underestimates of earnings, loss is a linear function of error.     

A Valuation Based Analysis of the Spanish Accounting Reforms

This paper contrasts the association between security prices and accounting information before and after the Spanish accounting reforms. Spanish regulations were changed during 1989 and 1990 so as to conform with EU requirements, bringing them broadly into line with international standards, although the new system still focuses on compliance with rules rather than reflecting the substance of economic transactions. We model security price as a function of two fundamental accounting variables -- book value of equity per share and earnings per share. The model is estimated using a sample drawn from non-financial companies listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange during the period 1986--1995. Whilst the results demonstrate only a modest improvement in value relevance of accounting information following the reform, they show that the influence of the earnings variable becomes somewhat smaller whilst that on equity is increased. This is consistent with earnings containing a larger proportion of transitory elements following the reform, whilst the equity value appears to have more economic relevance than previously.     

Corporate social responsibility disclosure and market valuation: evidence from Spanish listed firms

Using a sample of listed Spanish companies pertaining to the IBEX35 index for the period 2007–2011, this paper examines whether those firms with higher CSR disclosure ratings are more valued by market participants. This study also complements the literature addressing the value relevance of CSR disclosure by further analyzing not only the direct effects of CSR reporting on stock prices but also its indirect effects through its interaction with main accounting variables (i.e., earnings and book value of equity). CSR reports can also affect stock price indirectly because the sustainability report may be perceived by investors to be a source of further and complementary information regarding the nature, composition and trends of the traditional value-relevant accounting variables. Finally, this study also analyzes whether CSR disclosure by firms operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is assessed differently by market participants than CSR disclosure by companies operating in other industries. By using a modified Ohlson (Contemp Account Res 1:661–687, 1995) model, it is found that CSR disclosure do have both a direct and indirect effect on stock prices by modifying the value-relevance of earnings and book value of equity. Moreover, CSR disclosure by companies operating in environmentally-sensitive industries is associated with higher market valuations than CSR disclosure by companies operating in nonsensitive industries. This may be due to the fact that CSR disclosures provide information that allow investors to make better assessments of the increased risk related to potential litigation and future environmental liabilities, thereby reducing information asymmetries and the risk of adverse selection.     

Rate of return on new invested capital—Its relationship to corporate earnings growth rate and equity market values

This paper quantifies the generally accepted but little understood relationships between equity market price, price-earnings ratio, and the corporate earnings growth rate. Also it quantitatively illustrates that the earnings growth rate itself is a dependent variable whose value is determined by the rate of return achieved on new invested capital. In the long run a desired earnings growth rate can be maintained only by investing in projects that achieve a specified minimum required rate of return. Therefore, the rate of return achieved on corporate investments, including acquisitions, is shown to ultimately determine the price and price-earnings ratio that investors place on corporate equity. The mathematical expressions needed to demonstrate these relationships are presented.     

管理层股权激励与企业未来盈余定价——来自中国资本市场的证据

本文探讨管理层股权激励对企业未来盈余定价的影响,并进一步将企业未来盈余分解为行业成分和公司特质成分,考察股权激励对不同成分未来盈余定价的影响,以及不同模式股权激励对上述关系影响的差异。利用实施股权激励的中国A股上市公司2006-2016年间的数据,本文发现：（1）股权激励提高了当期股票收益率与企业未来盈余的相关性。说明管理层股权激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价;（2）管理层股权激励并不影响投资者对行业成分未来盈余定价,但会加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价;（3）管理层的股票型激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价,同时也能加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价,但股票期权激励并无上述作用。研究结果意味着,整体而言股权激励能够缓解管理层与股东之间信息披露的代理问题,激励管理层向外部投资者披露更多高质量的公司基本面信息,从而降低投资者对公司特质未来盈余信息的搜寻成本,最终通过加速公司特质未来盈余信息融入股价来促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价。本文揭示了管理层股权激励促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价的微观机制,同时,研究结论对提高中国证券市场的信息效率提供了重要的理论参考。     

Audit committee and internal audit and the quality of earnings: empirical evidence from Spanish companies

Corporate scandals and failures such as Enron, WorldCom, etc. were highly catastrophic and had a terrible effect on stakeholders. The pressure of globalisation and the intense competition have lead to organisations encouraging good corporate governance. Organisations have to promote transparency and accountability of financial information. As Gramling et al. (J Account Lit 23:194–244, 2004) argued there are four important mechanisms of corporate governance include boards of directors, audit committees (among others) and internal and external audit functions. However, this paper will focus on the relationship between two corporate governance mechanisms (audit committee and internal audit function). Thus, our purpose is to analyse the relation between characteristics of the audit committee and internal audit function and earnings management measured as abnormal accruals to test the quality of financial statements. We hypothesise that the association between the effectiveness of the audit committee and the presence of an internal audit function and its relationship with this committee would indicate less opportunity for management to manipulate earnings. Using a sample of 108 non-financial Spanish companies that traded on the Madrid Stock Exchange between 2003 and 2006 (432 observations), we have found that the size and number of meetings of the audit committee had a significant negative association with earnings manipulations. Also, our results suggest that a negative relation between having an internal audit function and earnings management.