群组AHP排序的几何最小二乘方法

本文在文献[1]不完全AHP排序方法的基础上给出群组AHP排序的几何最小二乘方法(GLSM).鉴于不同专家所给判断矩阵质量上的差异,GLSM排序方法对群组AHP进行不同程度的加权处理,并进行群组一致性检验。     

Priority Rules for Multi‐Task Due‐Date Scheduling under Varying Processing Costs

We study the scheduling of multiple tasks under varying processing costs and derive a priority rule for optimal scheduling policies. Each task has a due date, and a non‐completion penalty cost is incurred if the task is not completely processed before its due date. We assume that the task arrival process is stochastic and the processing rate is capacitated. Our work is motivated by both traditional and emerging application domains, such as construction industry and freelance consulting industry. We establish the optimality of Shorter Slack time and Longer remaining Processing time (SSLP) principle that determines the priority among active tasks. Based on the derived structural properties, we also propose an effective cost‐balancing heuristic policy and demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed policy through extensive numerical experiments. We believe our results provide operators/managers valuable insights on how to devise effective service scheduling policies under varying costs.     

区间数互补判断矩阵的一致性及其排序研究

由于目前国内外文献对区间数互补判断矩阵的性质研究较少,从而使得对排序方法的相关研究缺乏理论依据.针对这些缺陷,本文研究了区间数互补判断矩阵的性质及其排序方法问题.根据区间数互补判断矩阵的定义,给出了区间数互补判断矩阵的一致性、严格强传递性与弱传递性等定义,并研究了一致性判断矩阵的性质,并说明这些性质更符合人们的思维特征.在一致性性质的基础上建立了区间数互补判断矩阵排序的非线性规划模型,算例分析表明该方法是有效可行的.     

An Evaluation of the NERJIT Priority Rule in a Kanban‐Controlled Flowshop

Significant progress in production and information technologies and innovations in management of operations during the last couple of decades have made the production of small lots and deployment of Just‐In‐Time (JIT) concepts in flowshops possible. As a result, some researchers and practitioners have been seeking to improve the performance of non‐repetitive systems using JIT concepts. In this process, the JIT concepts that were originally designed for mass production have been modified to adapt JIT to non‐repetitive systems. This article uses a priority rule that is based on real‐time demand and production information for sequencing jobs in a kanban‐controlled flowshop. The analysis of the effect of this priority rule; the number of kanbans; the length of the withdrawal cycle; First‐Come, First‐Served (FCFS); and Shortest Processing Time (SPT) on four performance measures—customer wait time, total inventory, input stock‐point inventory, and output stock‐point inventory, shows that the use of this priority rule results in a significant reduction of customer wait time and a slight decrease in inventory.     

竞争优先权与供应链战略匹配关系研究

研究了竞争优先权与供应链战略之间的匹配关系,把优先权战略区分为成本优先权、质量优先权、时间优先权和柔性优先权,把供应链战略区分为精益供应链战略和敏捷供应链战略。通过理论分析指出,不同的优先权战略与供应链战略之间存在一定的匹配关系,在此基础上提出了一个战略匹配模型以及一组理论假设,并通过中国制造业数据对提出的理论模型进行了检验。     

Impartiality,Priority, and Solidarity in the Theory of Justice

The ethic of priority is a compromise between the extremely compensatory ethic of outcome equality and the needs‐blind ethic of resource equality. We propose an axiom of priority and characterize resource‐allocation rules that are impartial, prioritarian, and solidaristic. They comprise a class of rules that equalize across individuals some index of outcome and resources. Consequently, we provide an ethical rationalization for the many applications in which such indices have been used (e.g., the human development index, the index of primary goods, etc.).     

Asymptotic Equivalence of Probabilistic Serial and Random Priority Mechanisms

The random priority (random serial dictatorship) mechanism is a common method for assigning objects. The mechanism is easy to implement and strategy‐proof. However, this mechanism is inefficient, because all agents may be made better off by another mechanism that increases their chances of obtaining more preferred objects. This form of inefficiency is eliminated by a mechanism called probabilistic serial, but this mechanism is not strategy‐proof. Thus, which mechanism to employ in practical applications is an open question. We show that these mechanisms become equivalent when the market becomes large. More specifically, given a set of object types, the random assignments in these mechanisms converge to each other as the number of copies of each object type approaches infinity. Thus, the inefficiency of the random priority mechanism becomes small in large markets. Our result gives some rationale for the common use of the random priority mechanism in practical problems such as student placement in public schools.     

管理科学与工程理论与方法突破若干重点前沿领域

管理科学与工程学科“十四五”战略规划课题组在国家自然科学基金委管理科学部的指导和资助下,通过调研和多轮专家评审归纳总结出“十四五”期间管理科学与工程学科层面的重点前沿领域。本文从运筹学和商务数据两个层面,汇报了亟需取得理论与方法突破的若干重点前沿领域。     

模糊C-OWG算子及其在三角模糊数互反判断矩阵排序中的应用

本文研究了决策信息以三角模糊数互反判断矩阵形式给出的有限方案决策问题。首先定义了模糊C-OWG(FC-OWG)算子和期望模糊C-OWG(EFC-OWG)算子,并研究了它们的一些性质。基于FC-OWG算子和EFC-OWG算子,提出了方案偏好信息为三角模糊数互反判断矩阵的方案排序方法,根据决策者的偏好程度进行调节,并利用决策者的偏好程度对排序结果进行敏感性分析。实例表明,新方法计算简单、可行且有效。     

The Effect of Implicit and Explicit Rules on Customer Greeting and Productivity in a Retail Organization

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of presenting organizational information through implicit and explicit rules on sales-related target behaviors in a retail setting. Results indicated that when organizational information was presented in a specific form, productivity was increased and maintained longer than when presented in other forms. The data provided by secret shoppers generally resembled the findings of the data collected in the experiment.     

基于领域知识和聚类的关联规则深层知识发现研究

本文针对传统关联规则挖掘算法产生大量冗余规则,提出了对关联规则结果进行二次挖掘,并设计了算法对挖掘出的关联规则进行聚类,然后基于已有领域知识对聚类后的关联规则进行新颖度评价,对于新颖度较高价值较大的关联规则可以存储于领域知识库用于决策使用或再次挖掘过程。该算法有效的减少的规则的数量,提高了规则的新颖性和精确度,对商业应用具有很高的价值。文章最后使用UCI开源数据进行了实验分析,并验证了该算法的有效性。     

规则性与相机选择性货币政策的作用机制分析

使用狭义货币存量(增长率)和银行同业拆借利率等作为货币政策的状态指标,能够分析货币政策可预期(不可预期)扩张性(紧缩性)冲击对实际产出的作用机制,并检验货币政策作用机制的非对称性。实证结果表明,我国货币政策中无论是规则性的可预期冲击,还是相机选择形成的不可预期冲击,都对实际产出的波动形成了显著作用。货币政策在短期内即具有影响价格的名义作用,也存在影响实际产出的实际作用。我国货币政策具有内生性和短期非中性等特征。     

Structural invariance and stability of sense of coherence: A longitudinal analysis of two groups with different employment experiences

This 5-year follow-up study investigated the structure and the factorial invariance of the 13-item sense of coherence (SOC) scale (Antonovsky, 1987a) in two employment groups (unemployment/lay-off experiences vs. continuous full-time employment) and across two measurement times. In addition, the stability of SOC between these two employment groups was compared. The postal questionnaire data was collected twice, in 1992 and in 1997. The participants were Finnish technical designers (N=352) aged between 25 and 40 years in 1992. A total of 51% of the investigated participants had been employed full-time during the 5-year follow-up period and 49% had been unemployed and/or laid off for a total period of at least one month during the follow-up. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the SOC scale measured one general second-order SOC factor consisting of three, first-order factors of meaningfulness, comprehensibility, and manageability. The results also indicated that the scale was best used as an 11-item measure. The factorial invariance of the scale across time and across the two employment groups was supported by the data. Unexpectedly, the stability of SOC did not differ between the two employment groups. However, those participants who had experienced unemployment and/or been laid off during the follow-up period had a weaker SOC at both measurement times than those who had been employed throughout the follow-up.     

Structural invariance and stability of sense of coherence: A longitudinal analysis of two groups with different employment experiences

This 5-year follow-up study investigated the structure and the factorial invariance of the 13-item sense of coherence (SOC) scale (Antonovsky, ) in two employment groups (unemployment/lay-off experiences vs. continuous full-time employment) and across two measurement times. In addition, the stability of SOC between these two employment groups was compared. The postal questionnaire data was collected twice, in 1992 and in 1997. The participants were Finnish technical designers (N=352) aged between 25 and 40 years in 1992. A total of 51% of the investigated participants had been employed full-time during the 5-year follow-up period and 49% had been unemployed and/or laid off for a total period of at least one month during the follow-up. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the SOC scale measured one general second-order SOC factor consisting of three, first-order factors of meaningfulness, comprehensibility, and manageability. The results also indicated that the scale was best used as an 11-item measure. The factorial invariance of the scale across time and across the two employment groups was supported by the data. Unexpectedly, the stability of SOC did not differ between the two employment groups. However, those participants who had experienced unemployment and/or been laid off during the follow-up period had a weaker SOC at both measurement times than those who had been employed throughout the follow-up.     

Perceptions of Nuclear and Other Risks in Japan and the United States

As part of a study of nuclear power development in Japan and the United States, surveys of perceptions of risk toward 30 activities, substances, and technologies have been carried out in the Pacific Northwest and Tokyo, Japan. The results show that people in both countries have the highest level of dread toward nuclear waste disposal, nuclear accidents, and nuclear war, greater even than their dread of crime and AIDS. In addition to comparisons of dread, the paper also discusses similarities and differences between Japanese and American responses for other dimensions of risk perception.     

Methods for Whole System Change in Public Organizations and Communities: An Overview of the Issues

In a world that is made up of interconnected systems, public leaders are learning that they must build commitment, alignment, and ownership among a broad group of individuals and groups in order to implement change. An increasing variety of processes and methods are being utilized for engaging an organization or community in whole system change. Large group methodologies, originally developed by organization development practitioners and theorists, are now gaining currency in public organizations and communities. At the same time, community organizers who successfully utilized confrontation and conflict-oriented methods in the civil rights, labor and other movements, are employing broadly participative, collaborative approaches by creating small group settings where citizens can share their views and using large group meetings to engage multiple stakeholders in community change. This special symposium explores and reflects on the rich mix of methods in use for whole system change in public organizations and communities.     

Complexity Factors and Intuition-based Methods for Facility Network Design

Logistics managers frequently utilize decision support systems (DSS) to make facility network design decisions. Many DSS do not provide optimization capabilities, but instead rely on scenario evaluation as a means for developing solutions. We experimentally assessed the performances of decision makers, including experienced managers, who used four variants of a scenario evaluation-based DSS to solve realistically sized network design problems of varying complexities. Complexity factors included DSS attributes, problem size, network types, and demand dispersion patterns. Decision makers' performances were assessed relative to optimal solutions. Overall, the decision makers generated relatively high-quality solutions using the DSS variants. The type of design problem solved did not significantly impact problem-solving performance. However, performance degraded and variability in solution quality escalated as problem size was increased. The availability of incremental solution cost improvement cues in the DSS significantly improved solution quality and reduced performance variability. Iconic graphic enhancements to the DSS did not consistently affect performance. However, significant interactions existed among the effects of DSS graphics capabilities, DSS information cues, and problem attributes.