创业伦理研究综述与展望

创业过程伴随着较高的环境不确定性、资源稀缺性、竞争性以及创业者的角色模糊性,导致非伦理行为和利益冲突等伦理问题时常发生。随着数字技术逐渐赋能创业活动,数字技术的外部性也给创业主体带来更多、更复杂的伦理挑战。创业伦理日益受到学界和业界关注,但研究较少;既有研究存在碎片化、问题凝练不足、研究对话薄弱等问题。为推进创业伦理相关研究,本文基于2003—2020年间发表在24本创业、伦理、管理领域知名期刊的71篇创业伦理文献,从三个方面对创业伦理研究进行回顾和评介,包括(1)创业伦理认知/氛围的影响因素;(2)创业伦理决策、行为的影响因素;(3)创业伦理决策、行为的结果。据此,本文提出创业伦理未来研究的主要方向和议题。     

基于CPSED的创业者伦理与创业机会关系研究

从创业者伦理2个层面出发,按照创业机会开发2个阶段,运用中国创业动态跟踪调查(Chinese panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics,CPSED)项目2轮调查数据开展了实证检验。研究发现,创业者伦理意识有助于创业机会识别,创业者伦理行为对创业机会识别与利用之间的关系具有正向调节作用,而环境中伦理水平和创业者自我效能感未对创业者伦理与创业机会之间的关系产生调节影响。     

基于效果推理理论视角的创业机会创造研究

首先分析了创业机会及其研究现状,并基于效果推理的理论视角研究了机会创造的选择机制和过程模式;随后,阐述了机会配置观、机会发现观和效果推理理论视角下的机会创造观之间的区别,并分析了新古典经济学、奥地利经济学、资源基础论、动态能力理论和效果推理理论对创业机会发现与创造过程的解释模式差异;最后,给出了主要结论,论述了理论贡献、对创业管理的实践价值、所存在的不足和今后进一步研究的方向。     

数字时代下创业企业与用户如何开发机会实现价值共创?北大核心CSSCI

数字时代的到来正在改变创业行为和结果,但此背景下创业企业与用户互动以实现价值创造的机制还处于理论探索阶段。基于此,本文从创业机会开发视角出发,以尚品宅配和小米为案例研究对象,构建“价值主张—互动—创业机会开发—价值实现”研究框架。研究发现:机会开发由创业企业与用户共同完成,用户被纳入价值主张、创造环节,并共享价值创造成果;创业企业与用户形成两条价值共创路径,即创业企业与用户发现和创造创业机会实现价值共创;在机会开发过程中,数字化情境为两者互动形成创业机会提供基础桥梁。本文引入“创业机会”这个重要概念解释价值共创机制,尝试打开数字时代下创业企业和用户互动形成价值创造的理论黑箱,为创业企业有效协调与用户之间的关系提供启示。     

“创二代”创业动机、环境与创业幸福感的实证研究

"创二代"是产业转型升级的未来,其创业幸福感直接反映了当下我国创业生态和环境的总体水平。以145位"创二代"为样本,探索了创业动机导向、创业环境感知对创业幸福感的影响,并检验了创业环境在创业动机影响创业幸福感过程中的调节作用。研究发现,创业者机会导向动机对创业幸福感存在显著的正向影响;盈利导向动机对创业幸福感存在显著负向影响,且政府环境感知在机会导向动机影响创业幸福感过程中具有显著的正向调节作用。     

转型期企业创业的一个综合研究模型

文章提炼出了一个包括转型期创业机会、创业环境、企业家特征、组织结构和创业过程管理的综合研究模型,并指出了未来的研究方向。     

创业警觉性与创业机会的匹配研究

研究了创业警觉性和创业机会之间的匹配关系,指出创业警觉性和创业机会的匹配是机会发现的必要而非充分条件。创业警觉性与创业机会之间不仅需要实现强度与方向2个属性维度的匹配,而且要考虑动态性的匹配,其条件是在机会之窗从开启到关闭的期间内,随机出现的机会点必须落在创业警觉性区域之内。     

地区差距、社会嵌入与异地创业——“过江龙”企业家现象研究

中国经济转型期一个重要的创业现象是伴随着城镇化发展和流动人口增加,很多城市中外来人口的创业活跃度都明显高于本地人口,被称为"过江龙"现象,但现有的文献并不足以对这一现象提供系统的实证证据和满意的理论解析。本研究将创业机会建构和克服外来劣势两方面结合起来,构建了一个流动人口跨地域机会吸引和机会开发的理论框架,以捕捉外来人口创业的动力和制约条件。本文运用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)2012~2014年调查数据进行的实证研究显示:外来人口流入地与原户籍地的经济发展水平差距和制度距离均显著提高其异地创业的可能性,而其在流入地社会网络的混合嵌入(本地人网络嵌入和同乡网络嵌入)和个人人力资本都能显著增强上述两方面的主效应。本研究的结果提示了人口流动对于激发创业精神、促进企业家与创业资源之间的供需匹配的深刻意义,以及改善制度环境对于合理配置创业机会的价值。     

异质性资源、创业机会与创业绩效关系研究

基于资源基础理论探究了新创企业的异质性资源,并采用创业机会视角剖析资源对绩效的作用机制问题,提出了资源-机会-绩效的研究逻辑。来自山东省102家新创企业的问卷调研数据证实:具有高知识储备的人力资源和密切联系的关系资源对创业绩效有正向影响;有价值的创业机会分别在人力资源与创业绩效、关系资源与创业绩效间起中介作用。理论上,不仅甄别出影响新创企业绩效的异质性资源,丰富了资源基础理论,而且有利于完善Timmons模型以推进研究发展;实践上,为新创企业实现资源与机会的良性匹配,最终实现创业成功提供理论指导。     

网络治理研究前沿与述评

"网络治理"是一个跨学科的研究领域,是技术网络、组织网络和社会网络研究的热点问题,企业网络治理也是工商管理领域的前沿研究方向。技术网络治理、社会网络治理、组织网络治理以及三者的融合是当前组织理论和战略管理理论研究的核心命题,也是中国经济转型过程中转换企业发展模式、实现后发优势的重要课题。本文首先对技术网络治理、社会网络治理和组织网络治理近年来国内外相关研究进行回顾;进而从网络组织与网络治理的内涵、公司治理到网络治理的发展、研究内容及科学问题以及研究动因和研究方法等视角对已有研究文献进行述评;在此基础上,提出了可供研究者参考的未来研究方向。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and preview of productivity research and applications

During the last two decades, productivity research and applications have not been given adequate importance when trying to attain excellence in the management of manufacturing enterprises. Recent developments in managerial philosophies Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering , manufacturing technologies Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. and Information Technology innovations have made the traditional productivity improvement techniques obsolete. This article presents a review consisting of analyses of literature on productivity and a survey of manufacturing enterprises. A five-step preview strategy on productivity is enumerated which provides a meaningful direction towards future productivity research and application. The article is concluded by briefly describing the current research that is being carried out based on the preview strategy evolved.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.     

Additive and Multiplicative Models and Multistage Carcinogenesis Theory

In light of the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis theory, this paper examines the assumption that an additive relative risk relationship is indicative of two carcinogens that affect the same stage in the cancer process. We present formulas to compute excess cancer risks for a variety of patterns for limited exposure durations to two carcinogens that affect the first and penultimate stages; and using an index of synergy proposed by Thomas (1982), we find a number of these patterns to produce additive, or nearly additive, relative risk relationships. The consistent feature of these patterns is that the two exposure periods are of short duration and occur close together.