坚持还是放弃? 基于前景理论的新生创业者承诺升级研究

坚持或者放弃创业是新生创业者面临的重要且艰难的抉择。已有研究主要基于理性决策的假设分析个体特征、创业活动以及创业环境对坚持或者放弃创业的影响。与已有研究不同,本文认为新生创业者的坚持不是完全理性的决策,其中存在承诺升级现象。研究基于前景理论(框架效应和反射效应)分析了坚持创业中的承诺升级,识别了可能的影响因素:前期投入时间、前期投入资金、创业计划的规范性、技术创业和心理预算,并利用面向中国新生创业者的动态跟踪调查数据(Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics,CPSED)进行了实证检验。针对两类样本(所有273个样本、没有盈利的182个样本)的实证研究取得了一致的结论 :前期投入的时间越多,新生创业者越倾向于坚持创业;前期是否投入资金以及创业计划的规范性对是否坚持创业的影响不显著;存在心理预算负向影响新生创业者的坚持;与非技术创业者相比较,技术创业者更倾向于坚持创业。     

创业-家庭冲突与新生企业初期绩效关系研究

在创业情境下考察工作与家庭的双向冲突对新生企业初期绩效的影响,以及冲突处理策略与创业者自我效能的调节效应。研究发现,当创业活动侵占家庭活动的时间投入而发生冲突时将提升新生企业的绩效,若采取家庭退让策略会使绩效更好;家庭对于创业的干涉对绩效有负面影响,即使采取了家庭退让策略,绩效也不会改善。在创业与家庭双向冲突与新生企业初期绩效的关系中,创业者自我效能均发挥了正向调节作用。     

哪些创业失败者更可能卷土重来?———基于松 － 紧文化与制度环境的跨国比较研究

高失败率是创业热潮中创业者必须面对的基本事实.创业失败在为创业者带来大量情绪与财务成本的同时,也提供了独特的学习经验.如何激活创业失败者卷土重来的激情是降低创业社会成本的关键.文章整合组织学习和创业认知理论构建了统一的创业失败学习理论逻辑,结合全球创业观察(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)、世界银行和松-紧文化3个跨国数据库,考察了不同国家文化与制度环境下不同性别个体的创业失败经历对其创业选择的影响.研究发现:与没有失败经历的个体相比,有创业失败经历的个体更可能选择创业;高宽松度的国家文化、好的制度环境分别强化了这一关系;性别与文化宽松度对这一关系有显著的三重调节效应.即在高宽松度的国家文化下,有创业失败经历的女性创业者再次创业的概率更高.将性别角色差异纳入到创业失败的分析框架中,同时也扩展了创业失败的文化与制度分析.     

创业行为形成机理:感知合意性与感知可行性的交互效应

以创业事件理论为分析框架,通过对广东、浙江、湖北三地创业者的问卷调研,系统探讨了感知合意性、感知可行性及其交互效应对创业行为形成的影响机理,以及社会网络构建能力在这一过程中的调节作用。研究发现,感知可行性对创业行为形成有显著的促进作用,感知合意性的影响却并不明显。在社会网络构建能力的调节效应下,感知合意性与感知可行性存在着一种交互机制,低感知合意性(感知可行性)情境下,个体的感知可行性(感知合意性)对创业行为形成的影响更为明显。     

社交媒体嵌入对创业型领导者动态能力的双重影响路径研究

社交媒体在企业经营中运用广泛,探索社交媒体嵌入对创业型领导者动态能力的影响机制,有利于创业型领导者更加高效地开展创业活动。通过对福建省334位农民创业者的调研,运用结构方程模型对社交媒体嵌入和动态能力之间的作用路径进行分析,可以发现:网络社群嵌入和网络媒体嵌入对创业型领导者动态能力均有显著的正向影响,创业学习和社会资本在社交媒体嵌入和创业型领导者的动态能力之间发挥完全中介作用。为此,创业型领导者应重视社交媒体的积极影响,利用社交媒体加强学习、积累社会资本,提高自身动态能力。     

工作经验一定有助于创业过程吗:基于工作内嵌入的分析

国内外大量研究发现,工作经验对创业过程起着重要的促进作用。但是以往研究尚无法解释为什么有工作经历的创业者创业的成功率存在巨大差异的问题。基于此,本文借鉴人力资源管理领域的工作嵌入模型,运用美国创业动态跟踪研究(Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I,简称PSEDI)的调查数据,运用多元回归分析方法对创业者先前的工作内嵌入对创业活动的集中性和创业周期长短的影响进行了实证分析,发现创业者的先前工作经验可能导致创业活动分散和创业活动周期延长。该结论更为全面地解释了工作经验对创业过程的影响机理,同时也有助于启发有创业打算和创业潜力的个体合理地利用以往的工作经验,提高创业活动的成功率。     

创业环境和创业自我效能对个体创业意向的影响

基于社会认知理论,探讨创业环境中市场资源环境和制度规范环境对个体创业意向的影响,并考察创业自我效能对以上影响效果的调节效应。通过对384个样本的问卷调查,结果表明:市场资源环境和制度规范环境越宽松,个体的创业意向越强。对于创业自我效能水平不同的个体,2类环境的影响效果存在差异:创业自我效能正向调节制度规范环境和个体创业意向之间的关系,而负向调节市场资源环境和创业意向的关系。     

创业机会真能促进创业意愿产生吗——基于创业自我效能与感知风险的混合效应研究

本文在国内外研究的基础上,开发出了创业自我效能、感知风险、创业机会识别与创业意愿之间关系的概念模型。通过中国创业者的调查数据,检验了创业自我效能、感知风险对创业机会识别与创业意愿之间混合作用关系。研究结果表明,创业机会识别有助于创业意愿产生;创业自我效能在显著影响创业意愿的同时还具有显著的中介效应,但有调节的中介效应不显著;感知风险显著影响创业意愿,具有显著的调节效应的同时还具有显著的有中介的调节效应,这方面的效应在创业者感知损失上体现的尤为突出。     

风险认知因素对创业意愿的影响研究——感知风险的中介效应与规则聚焦的调节效应

基于创业认知理论、行为经济学与规则聚焦理论,采用问卷调查法,探索个体创业者风险认知因素对创业意愿形成的影响作用,提出创业感知风险、认知偏差、规则聚焦与创业意愿之间影响关系的研究模型,并通过303份有效样本验证了在控制风险倾向以后,感知风险在认知偏差(过分自信和控制幻想)对创业意愿的影响作用中所起的中介效应以及规则聚焦在认知偏差(过分自信和控制幻想)对感知风险的影响作用中所起的调节效应,得出结论:1)在创业选择阶段可以适当容忍决策过程中的认知偏差;2)个体对创业风险的感知水平存在差异,且风险感知水平较低的个体更可能创业;风险倾向对创业意愿也有着显著的正向影响作用,这从行为学研究角度肯定了风险倾向在创业意愿形成过程中的作用;3)创业的成功需依赖促进型聚焦和预防型聚焦的结合。对于不同聚焦导向的个体,可以实行不同的鼓励方式和培养计划。     

创始人初始社会地位与社会资本对创业绩效的影响研究

 随着经济发展的多元化以及就业压力的增加，创业在中国变得越来越重要。基于创业研究的社会网络观和社会分层理论，对中国情景中创业企业新生期劣势进行新的诠释，并实证检验不同社会资本对于长期创业绩效的影响。创始人社会资本影响创业绩效，然而作为重要的情景因素，初始社会地位如何影响社会资本对创业绩效的影响却知之甚少。        创业者社会资本是克服新生期劣势的重要资源，但仅关注创业者自我中心式网络带来的社会资源，社会分层理论认为社会地位差异会影响社会资本的作用。将创业者自我中心式网络按照关系强度和关系功能区分出4类社会资本，并将初创期社会地位差异用创业者及其父母职业声望加以度量。基于1978年至1999年权威的实务性商业期刊所刊文章等文档资料进行手工编码，获得182名企业家数据， 通过Logistic和Cox回归模型分析进行实证检验。        研究结果表明，创业初期的创业者自我职业声望作为创业承诺和信号，导致积极的社会资本效应，但父母职业声望会改变自我中心网络的内容和运作机制，引起消极的社会资本效应。可见与依靠父母的社会地位相比，在创业初期创业者自强自立获得更好的地位资源更容易促进社会资本的积极作用，有助于促进创业企业的成长，这一发现为创业者及合作伙伴的选择提供指导和借鉴。        研究通过引入社会资本的关系强度(强关系和弱关系)和关系功能(桥接和黏合)两个维度拓展创业研究的社会网络观，对创业中的社会资本情景进行检验，发现初始社会地位调节社会资本的绩效影响，将社会学中常用的职业声望引入到创业研究中，可以获得更为有趣的结论并启发未来管理学的类似研究。     

Peer effects and intentional entrepreneurial behaviour: A systematic literature review and research agenda

What role peers play in individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs and to what extent peer effects play a role in influencing behaviours at the various stages of business venturing are important questions for scholars and policymakers. This systematic review takes stock of the recent additions to the literature around the phenomenon of peer influence in entrepreneurship. The review identified 2894 documents which were then narrowed down through three consecutive filtering stages. We thematically analysed the final sample of 27 empirical studies that shed light on how individual peers influence the process and outcomes of these individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour, allowing for critical analysis. We propose a conceptual schema of social influence that occurs in interactions among entrepreneurial individuals within business venturing and across the three stages of pre-formation, formation and growth. Our framework reconciles the conceptual classification around discovering, evaluating and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities with the mechanisms of social influence affecting entrepreneurial behaviours. Grounded in the findings of the literature review, this framework synthesizes peer influence in entrepreneurship with the tripartite distinction of the behavioural motives recognized in contemporary theories of social influence. We suggest promising directions for further research on how interactions with peers might affect individuals’ entrepreneurial behaviours.     

Cultural values and innovation: The mediating role of entrepreneurial learning capacity

Although both cultural values and innovation are widely acknowledged as collective embodiments of individual values and assets, little is known about the mechanisms through which cultural values influence the likelihood of innovation by some entrepreneurs rather than others. We argue that institutional pressures arising from cultural values affect entrepreneurial learning capacity which in turn impacts innovation activities. Our multi-level analysis of entrepreneurs from 19 countries between 2006 and 2011 suggests that entrepreneurial learning capacity serves as a mediator through which entrepreneurs maximize the innovation-related benefits of cultural values to their businesses.     

Serial Entrepreneurs

This study focuses on the dynamic nature of entrepreneurship through an analysis of serial entrepreneurs, those individuals who engage in multiple start-ups, management buyouts, management buy-ins and combinations of these activities. The paper develops a typology of habitual entrepreneurship and then examines serial entrepreneurs in detail as a subset of such entrepreneurs. The processes involved and the effects of individuals undertaking sequential ventures are analysed. The study identifies three types of serial entrepreneurial behaviour namely venture repeaters, organic serials and serial dealmakers, distinguished by the motivations and the methods used to develop their ventures. Case-study evidence from the study also indicates that the role of active investors varies according to the type of serial entrepreneur and venture.     

创业者个体学习、组织学习如何交互影响企业创新行为？——基于整合视角的纵向单案例研究

社会经济的不断发展促使分工愈发精细,对个人与组织间的技术隔离也愈加明显,亟待创业者个体及组织开展跨层次的交互学习以构建组织创新优势。基于此,本文援引学习理论与意义构建视角,从"行动"与"解释"出发,采用纵向单案例研究方法,基于"个体-组织"整合性分析框架,探究了不同创业阶段内跨层次行动主体间的学习互动模型,揭示了其对企业创新的影响路径。研究发现:创业者个体学习与组织学习间的互动,表现为渐变初期个体利用式学习经"自上而下"团队互动主导形成组织单环式行动;而在调整转变期,个体学习与组织学习发生交互影响,包含个体探索式学习经"横向协同式"团队互动主导形成组织双环式行动,以及组织双环式行动转换为单环式之后,经由持续反思与质询,刺激形成创业者个体利用式学习;最后,在发展突变期,个体利用式学习经"制度化统筹式"团队交互合作促成组织单环式行动,同时个体探索式学习经"跨越层次自主式"团队交互激活组织双环式学习。此外,在不同创业阶段,3种互动逻辑与意义构建框架下的创新决定机制呈现出以个体创意激发与扩散、信息整合与匹配以及平衡矛盾与冲突3种不同的影响路径展开的态势。本研究为创业学习理论和创业实践过程贡献了新的启示。     

家族期望落差与创业退出：基于中国数据的分析

作为创业过程的重要活动之一, 创业退出并未引起学者太多的关注, 大多数现有研究文献从企业家、企业、行业和宏观环境去分析创业退出的原因, 而忽略了创业家族的影响.本文以家族期望作为分析单元, 从理论上探讨了家族期望落差与创业退出之间的关系, 以及寻租活动在其间的传导效应.本文的经验分析主要得到了以下研究结论: (1) 新创企业的创始人及其家族具有多重期望目标, 包括家族财富、家族声望、家族团结以及人丁兴旺期望的实现. (2) 家族期望落差对企业家是否选择创业退出具有显著的影响, 即家族的财富丰腴、团结和谐和社会声望期望落差越大则家族企业创始人越倾向于退出经营领域, 而人丁兴旺期望落差越小则越有可能坚持创业. (3) 寻租行为在家族期望落差与创业退出之间起中介传导效应, 即家族期望的未实现将导致企业主倾向于选择非法性寻租行为, 而寻租的高成本与潜在的风险则会进一步增加其退出创业的可能性.     

基于质量努力和管理努力的风险投资金融契约设计与学习机制

在风险投资中,企业家付出的努力对企业的内在价值起决定性作用,为了研究如何更好地激励企业家提升企业的内在价值,本文将企业家付出的努力分为：质量努力和管理努力。首先,本文在单期静态模型下设计最优金融契约,并研究了两种努力的效率对激励效果的影响,研究表明：在单期模型中,激励企业家付出质量努力比激励其付出管理努力更加复杂,且与企业的内在价值波动有关。进一步,在多期动态模型中引入风险投资家对企业信息的学习过程,研究表明随着企业内在价值波动率单调减小,契约的激励效果越来越显著,且学习机制的加入会激励企业家降低努力的成本系数,同时更多地提升质量努力的效率。     

Identifying success factors for female entrepreneurs using the AMO framework: Empirical evidence from Japan

This study applies deep insights from the ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) framework as an overarching theoretical perspective to identify critical success factors for female entrepreneurs. In doing so, it investigates how entrepreneurial persistence (i.e., motivation or “M”), together with prior venture experience (i.e., ability or “A”) and competitive intensity (i.e., opportunity or “O”) influence the success of women's entrepreneurial activities. Using data from 308 Japanese female entrepreneurs, we show a positive association between entrepreneurial persistence and female entrepreneurs' venture growth, which becomes stronger when prior venture experience and competitive intensity are considered. Most importantly, the three-way interaction between these factors maximizes the business performance of female entrepreneurs. Thus, venture growth is the highest in the presence of high levels of entrepreneurial persistence, prior venture experience, and competitive intensity. Our findings suggest that policy makers should improve the competitiveness of women-led ventures and create supportive business environments for female entrepreneurs.     

Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Bridging institutional divides

Transnational diasporan entrepreneurs are migrants and their descendants who establish entrepreneurial activities that span the national business environments of their countries of origin and countries of residence. We explore how business incubators contribute to the economic development of emerging markets by organizing their programs to bridge the institutional divides that transnational diaspora entrepreneurs face when establishing their multi-territorial ventures in these markets. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in the Netherlands during 2007, we present the case study of IntEnt, an incubator providing services exclusively to transnational diasporan entrepreneurs. We apply Bergek and Norrman's (2008) assessment framework to this case, examining IntEnt's goals, model (selection, business support, and mediation activities), and outcomes. Employing Eisenhardt's case-based theory development approach (1989), we then leverage case findings to generate theory about the institutional challenges faced by transnational diaspora entrepreneurs and the role that incubators can play in helping these entrepreneurs overcome these challenges.     

Knowledge recontextualization by returnee entrepreneurs: The dynamic learning perspective

Effective knowledge recontextualization is key to successful knowledge transfer in cross-cultural context. This paper explores how returnee entrepreneurs in Vietnam learn to recontextualize their overseas knowledge while establishing new ventures back in their home country. Our dynamic learning process model suggests that (1) in the pre-founding phase, an interactive vicarious learning and intuitive learning mechanism enables returnees to make sense of overseas knowledge; (2) during the founding phase, blended learning mechanism – the balancing act between market response versus market imposing - helps returnees manage the paradoxical cross cultural tension, importantly (3) in the growth phase, the cycling between unlearning and relearning helps them discard, select and recreate new knowledge in the pursuit of sustainable entrepreneurial growth. The study advances the literature on knowledge recontextualization by clarifying key underpinning learning mechanisms essential for ensuring “effectiveness” outcomes. It also contributes to the work on returnee entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial learning by demonstrating how international entrepreneurs learn overtime to thrive in a conflicting cultural context.     

Strategic networks of discovery and creation entrepreneurs

Current research favors diversity within strategic networks as a source of idea generation and opportunity pursuit. However, diversity may not always be advantageous. Drawing from literature on entrepreneurial opportunities, social network theory, and cognitive psychology, it is argued in this paper that the level of diversity in entrepreneurial strategic networks differs based on the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunity context—discovery or creation. Competing hypotheses are developed for the nature of strategic networks in the discovery and creation opportunity contexts. The results from our two studies (using PSED II dataset and data collected from women entrepreneurs in India) show that entrepreneurial strategic networks differ based on whether entrepreneurs are pursuing discovery or creation opportunities, i.e., entrepreneurs operating in ‘discovery’ contexts tend to use networks ties with individuals who are relatively similar to themselves, while entrepreneurs in ‘creation’ contexts tend to use network ties with individuals who are relatively different from themselves. Further, the results also show that the diversity in strategic networks is not unidirectional in discovery and/or creation contexts but varies depending on the specific matters for which the entrepreneur seeks advice. Discussion and future research directions outline the unique findings of this study and potential implications for theory development.