突破性技术创新的影响因素研究——基于战略与组织的视角

企业的可持续发展离不开其突破性技术创新能力的提升,然而目前对突破性技术创新的研究仍然是以定性研究为多而定量研究为少,关于突破性技术创新的成因的研究则相对更少。本文从战略和组织的双重视角出发,在对现有文献进行回顾和归纳的基础上,提出了本文的研究假设,并运用中国的企业样本,采取多源数据取样的研究设计以降低同源误差的影响,运用层级回归方程对所提出的假设进行了实证验证,研究结果发现,有机式组织结构对突破性技术创新具有显著的正向影响,探索者战略也有利于突破性技术创新能力的提升,而有机式组织结构与探索者战略的交互对突破性技术创新也具有显著的正向影响。最后讨论了本文的研究启示以及未来研究方向。     

组织结构对技术创新影响作用的实证研究

技术创新被认为是企业取得竞争优势的关键环节,由此关于技术创新影响因素的研究也逐渐引起了人们的重视,组织结构就是影响因素之一。但关于组织结构对技术创新的影响关系及作用机制极少有研究给出实证结果,本文以中国企业为样本,对组织结构与技术创新之间的关系,尤其是组织学习的中介作用和环境动态性的调节作用做了实证验证。结果表明:机械式组织结构与渐进性技术创新正相关,有机式组织结构与突破性技术创新正相关,而利用式组织学习和探索式组织学习分别在其中起到了完全和部分的中介作用,环境动态性也在有机式组织结构与突破性技术创新之间起着正向调节作用。研究结论告诉企业可以通过强化组织学习,转化学习成果来促进企业的技术创新活动,同时还要顺应环境变动的趋势,加强与外界的沟通和交流,充分认识外部环境对组织技术创新的促进作用。     

关系学习与企业技术创新的实证研究

本研究采用问卷调研和结构方程建模方法,对企业关系学习与不同类型技术创新的关系进行了实证研究。研究关系学习分为信息分享、共同理解和关系记忆三个维度,并对关系学习和探究式创新、利用是创新的影响作用进行了分析。研究结果证实关系学习对企业的技术创新能产生积极作用。     

基于Bass修正模型的产业集群技术创新扩散研究

产业集群技术创新扩散具有不同于一般技术创新扩散的多个特征,无法采用现有分析方法进行研究.本文在对技术创新扩散过程Bass模型研究的基础上,指出运用Bass模型研究产业集群技术创新扩散存在的不足,据此拓展、建立了产业集群技术创新扩散Bass修正模型,并进行了仿真、分析、比较.结果表明,本文提出的Bass修正模型更合理、有效,结论更符合实际情况,可为研究产业集群技术创新扩散问题提供理论与方法支持.     

技术不确定条件下的技术创新投资决策分析

技术不确定性是技术创新投资的主要特点。在技术创新投资模型的基础上引入技术不确定性,从而得到双头垄断企业在技术不确定条件下的最优投资时点。同时,在此基础上分析了技术不确定性及技术不确定的相关度对投资时点的影响。     

市场竞争模式下的技术溢出与技术创新分析

技术溢出的存在是技术创新市场失效的主要原因.本文通过构建技术溢出下的企业产品市场竞争模型,比较研究了产品市场产量竞争和价格竞争模式下技术溢出与技术创新.分析表明,在均衡时,技术溢出总会发生,价格竞争模式相对于产量竞争模式的技术创新激励得到加强,在价格竞争下技术创新激励几乎不会被创新溢出所影响.结果还表明,价格竞争是可取的,它将带来社会总福利的增加.     

Key strategic issues for German companies

Technological progress and the exacerbation in competition spurred by innovation call for important strategic corporate decisions on products, manufacturing processes and location structure for the 1990s. This, in turn, emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and innovation management—on the one hand with regard to the forecast potential of economic, technological and social trends and, on the other hand, with regard to the ability to plan and introduce future products and production processes.     

Focusing innovative effort through a convergent dialogue

This is the first of three articles on Planning for Technological Innovation by Peter Ward (the second and third articles will be published in future issues of the Journal). Appropriate innovation, in products, processes and management, is a means by which industry adapts to a changing environment. Adaptive or dynamic planning at the corporate level serves to foster and direct the necessary effort, as does organic planning in a wider context. The methods described are based on practical experience in industry and consulting work.     

The role of absorptive capacity and innovation strategy in the design of industry 4.0 business Models - A comparison between SMEs and large enterprises

Technological innovations often lead to redesigns in the business models of established companies, requiring them to incorporate new external knowledge into internal activities. Against this background, this study integrates the concepts of business model design, absorptive capacity, and innovation strategy into a novel research model, which analyzes the redesign of established business models in response to the emergence of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0, also known as the Industrial Internet of Things, constitutes a contemporary research context that is highly relevant for corporate practice but scarcely regarded in management literature until now. The article contains an analysis of data from 221 German industrial enterprises, conducted through structural equation modeling, with separate data for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises. First, the results indicate that the acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation of knowledge from the environment enable companies to engage in both exploratory and exploitative innovation strategies. Furthermore, the paper includes an evaluation of the role of exploratory and exploitative innovation strategies that reflects in efficiency-centered and novelty-centered business model designs. The distinct characteristics differentiating SMEs from large enterprises are also explained. The implications of absorptive capacity on innovation strategies, which influence the redesign of extant business models, are discussed from a research and managerial perspective.     

技术驱动的管理科学与工程研究

科技创新引领技术变革，加速变革的科技正在重塑世界政治、经济和社会发展的新格局、新形势。一系列新场景、新环境下的管理决策问题，如新一代移动通讯、人工智能、物联网、轨道交通与建筑工程、医疗工程、能源环境工程等，开启了管理科学与工程学科研究的新局面，并提出了全新的要求和挑战。本文通过系统梳理和总结相关文献和课题项目，阐述管理科学与工程领域的关键技术发展态势，并结合领域权威专家的问卷和访谈结果，立足新技术融合和新产业应用两个方面概括了技术驱动下管理科学与工程的主要研究方向。     

Technological newness: An empirical study in the process industries

Technological change in product development is a crucial issue in the management of technology. The entire sweep of technological changes over the past hundred of years is, in essence, the sum of thousands of individual product development projects in thousands of firms. Yet the degree of technological change in individual development projects has not been extensively studied. This paper presents a four-dimensional characterization of technological newness for product development projects in the process industries in which product development is closely tied to process innovation. The characterization uses four dimensions of change that are required in the development of new products: chemistry, production equipment, fabrication technology and process control. Based on the framework of technological newness, the paper presents data collected on the degree of process change in a set of 20 product development projects conducted by a large manufacturer of advanced polymers. The data provide a clear demonstration of the value of the measurement framework, showing a strong relationship between the characterization of change and the project performance.     

Technological Diversification: A Systematic Review of Antecedents,Outcomes and Moderating Effects

Technological diversification has been linked to a wide range of phenomena, including financial performance, innovation, product diversification and inter‐organizational relationships. This is the first systematic review of this literature and provides an overview of its historical development and conceptual foundations. It finds that the role of contingency factors impacting the positive relationship between technological diversification and financial performance needs further exploration. Also, it finds that the research on the links between technological diversification and inter‐organizational relationships requires consolidation. This paper suggests three avenues for further research. First, it sets out an agenda for identifying the antecedents of technological diversification. Second, it identifies contextual factors that could shape the relationship between technological diversification and performance. Third, it argues that technological diversification research must engage with contemporary technological and organizational developments such as digital organizations, open boundaries and networks.     

资产泡沫、技术创新与经济增长

本文从理论和实证两个角度研究了资产泡沫发生、技术创新与经济增长之间的相关性。理论方面,本文构建了符合我国经济典型事实的熊彼特经济增长模型。模型中,企业家在为研发筹集资金时面临融资约束。由于融资约束的存在导致资本市场的资金供过于求,发生资产泡沫可促进企业平均的研发投入增加,研发成功的概率相应上升。实证方面,本文采用FF-TVP-SV-VAR和TVAR模型以及我国2000-2016年的月度数据分别对理论分析得出的结论进行检验。实证结果表明,资产泡沫发生可以促进技术创新,但该效应依赖于融资约束。此外,本文识别了融资约束的两个门限值。低于下限值时,资产泡沫可通过技术创新效应促进经济增长;高于下限值时,资产泡沫的技术创新效应较弱,因而对经济增长产生负向作用。     

Individual innovation adoption and the role of organizational culture

Review of Managerial Science - Technological innovations are generally considered to contribute positively to the organization, but there are gaps in our understanding of how benefits can be...     

The Distinctive Patterns of Dynamic Learning and Inter‐firm Differences in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause of the failure of established firms, and history is full of examples. In a globalized world the capability of a firm to reconfigure existing competencies and create new knowledge for innovation has emerged as a dynamic capability to succeed. I examine the learning processes involved in the development of innovative R&D capabilities in Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to the strengthening of patent law. The strong patent law represented a major institutional change for Indian firms which had grown in a weak patent era. The analysis shows that the development of new capabilities involved the removal of rigidities and the acquisition of new knowledge, and reveals that Indian firms are adopting strategies such as hiring of Indian scientists educated or working overseas in pharmaceutical R&D and collaborative R&D to acquire innovative R&D capabilities. It further points out the inter–intra firm heterogeneity in learning processes and suggests that the move from basic to advance level capabilities is neither linear nor automatic. It requires a deliberate effort and investment by firms in different mechanisms of learning. The Indian pharmaceutical firms' responses provide important insights for firms from other developing countries.     

有竞争产品时改进型新产品最优上市策略

技术进步推动新产品以更快的速度进入市场,企业为了抢占更多的市场份额,往往会选择推出老产品的改进型新产品,以完成产品的更新换代.针对企业不断推出改进型新产品的情况,考虑双寡头环境下新老两代产品共存时的需求变动,研究改进型新产品的最优上市时间和新产品上市后老产品的最优调整价格问题,并分析改进型新产品的最优上市时间、老产品的最优调整价格与技术水平、产品价格等因素的关系.研究表明:老产品的市场潜力越大、技术水平越高,改进型新产品的最优上市时间越晚;改进型新产品的技术水平越高,其最优上市时间越早;竞争企业产品的价格和技术水平对改进型新产品最优上市时间起反向作用;改进型新产品的价格和技术水平对老产品的最优调整价格起反向作用;竞争企业产品的价格和技术水平对老产品的最优调整价格起反向作用.     

Technological forecasting for power generation—A study using the Delphi technique

Technological forecasting is a powerful technique for obtaining insights into possible futuristic innovations. The forecast can provide a basis for long-range planning and policy formulation in organizations. Technological forecasting, though a useful and powerful tool, has yet to be applied widely in developing countries. This paper outlines a forecasting exercise carried out by the authors using the Delphi technique in India. The focus of the exercise was on electric energy generation and transportation. The findings have been compared with other available studies in India in similar areas. The paper also illustrates how additional information inputs can mould such forecasts. For this purpose, the authors have compared the results of the current study with the results of a similar study carried out in the same organization 8 years earlier. The change in perception regarding the timing of certain items is very evident and the underlying reasons have been given.     

家长式领导对创新的影响:一个整合模型

本文基于现有的双核模型和两栖模型,构建一个整合模型,分析了家长式领导对创新的影响。运用159家高科技企业的问卷调查数据进行假设检验,结果发现,威权领导对利用式创新有负向直接影响;威权领导能正向调节利用式创新与新产品绩效的关系;仁慈领导对探索式创新和利用式创新均有正向直接影响;仁慈领导能负向调节探索式创新与新产品绩效的关系,还能正向调节利用式创新与新产品绩效的关系。     

考虑参照依赖的企业合作创新演化博弈分析

合作创新具有实现资源互补,降低创新风险,提高创新成功可能性的优势,但是在实践中企业间的合作关系却难以保持稳定性。本文基于有限理性假设,改变传统的期望效用理论,引入前景理论中的参照点概念,分析创新主体的效用,构建合作创新博弈收益感知矩阵,并基于该矩阵对合作创新博弈双方的行为进行演化博弈分析,为保持合作创新的持续性提出建议。研究表明,企业对创新收益的感知价值、合作创新成本、收益分配和成本分担等因素是合作稳定性的重要影响因素,增强企业对长期的战略性合作创新收益的感知,引导企业建立正确的创新风险认知,控制合作创新的交易成本等措施将有利于增强合作创新的稳定性。     

后备技术不确定下资源耗竭动态优化模型研究

不确定性是资源耗竭理论的一个重要研究方向,资源替代研究中经常涉及技术不确定问题.在技术出现时间不确定问题描述的基础上,考虑资源开采成本与开采量相关以及有存货情形,利用动态规划思想处理了技术出现时间不确定,构建了动态优化模型,得到相应地HJB方程和最优开采路径.研究结果表明:确定性情形是不确定性的特例;在早期开采阶段,资源开采速度随着替代技术出现可能性提高而加快,开采了一段时间后,资源的开采速度随着替代技术出现可能性提高而减慢;关系转折时间点取决于资源初始储量,初始储量越大,该时间点越往后延长.