简谈越南汉文赋对中国赋的借鉴与发展

在题材与内容上，越南汉文赋借鉴了中国赋原有的咏物、纪行、抒情等题材及歌颂、讽谏等特点，以及中国各种历史与文化知识。与之同时，越南赋也创出了自己有民族特色的表现方式，体现出历代越南士大夫的思维、思想、志向与感情。     

明代官员“乞休”中的家国观念与自我认同

士大夫乞休现象自古有之,见诸史册始于唐武宗会昌六年,有唐一代并不多见,宋元仍不明显。依据《明实录》等史料统计,明代从正统年间开始士大夫乞休现象逐渐勃发,明代中晚期以后呈逐渐增长态势。依据政治情态分析,士大夫乞休分为个体乞休与群体乞休、主动乞休与被动乞休、文官乞休与武官乞休等几大类别。三品以上中央文官是乞休士大夫的主体。明代中期后,群体性乞休现象代表了士大夫群体政治主体意识的觉醒。士大夫家国观念中"家"与"族"的观念逐渐浓重,士大夫自我实现途径多元化,"家国同构"观开始进入分裂状态。"国"并非士大夫自我实现的唯一和最好的途径,士大夫开始在族群结构和家族结构中审视和寻找自我认同的渠道。明代后期士大夫家国观念的变迁最终促成中国地方社会士绅阶层的形成和稳定。     

明末清初士大夫与近代士大夫反基督教思想异同辨析

无论在明末清初还是在教案风起云涌的近代 ,士大夫一直是倡导反基督教思想、制造反教言论的主力军。总体说来 ,明末清初士大夫与近代士大夫的反基督教思想 ,其深层内容并无二致 ,二者都以儒家的世界观表现出种族反教、邪说反教、纲伦反教和经验反教的特征。但在列强肆虐的近代中国 ,随着教会权威的形成和官、绅、民反教共识的达成 ,近代士大夫的反教思想又呈现出别异于明末清初士大夫的特质。     

君臣冲突与晚明士大夫政治——以万历朝“国本之争”为中心

在万历朝"国本之争"中,士大夫群体始终反对神宗将个人意愿凌驾于礼法之上,主张大臣持守原则以及君臣公议天下事,并以这种政治价值观主导了舆论的走势。神宗采取多种严厉措施打压士大夫之谏诤,然在国本之争中,士气不弱反强,对皇权构成持续性的政治约束。以万历朝"国本之争"为视角,可以体察晚明士大夫政治之张扬气象,士大夫从争国本,已然走到了诉求限制君权一节。但君臣争之激烈,又事实上引发了诸多问题。究其本质,"国本之争"反映了帝制框架内士大夫政治与皇权专制极端化的冲突,也构成晚明士大夫政治演进过程中的一个重要节点。     

清初礼教秩序的重建与士大夫精神史的波折

明代士大夫的精神世界出现了诸多新的动向,甚至不乏“活力”与“多样化”的色彩.明清易代之后,随着社会秩序与礼教秩序的重建,清初士大夫的精神世界出现了内在转向:一部分士大夫从制度与精神两大层面对明朝的灭亡加以反思与总结,进而提出了较为理性的看法,甚至将其矛头直指传统的专制统治；另一部分士大夫则受制于新朝强权政治的威慑,过分留恋于过去,导致感伤主义精神盛行一时,甚或为了顺应清初统治秩序的重建,主动提出传统、保守的看法,藉此重新确立儒学一统.     

宋代文人士大夫占卜活动探析

宋代文人士大夫们在仕途、科举等活动中频繁利用占卜,一时占卜之风盛行.文人士大夫直接或间接地参与,影响了占卜的发展和流行,这也从侧面反映了宋朝当时社会的文化心理、文化观和特定的政治社会背景.     

明代生员及其相关概念辨析

本文通过对生员与绅士、士大夫、文人等不同概念之间的关系进行具体的考辨 ,指出生员是绅士、士大夫、文人的一员。作者认为 ,自明代中期以后 ,由于生员人数的不断增加 ,生员已从绅士、士大夫中分离出来 ,成为一个相对独立的社会阶层。而对生员层的研究 ,也必须从教育、官僚体制、社会经济诸面予以综合的考察 ,方可得出比较全面的结论。     

女作家高景芳赋成就初探

清初女作家高景芳存赋36篇,不仅高居历代女作家赋作数量的首位,而且取得了较高的艺术成就。其赋长于铺叙并注重抒情,体现了对辞赋传统的全面承传;在赋中表达"颂扬"与"讽谏"、书写亲情和女性的日常生活,开拓了女性赋的题材意蕴和风格情韵。高景芳赋博雅清丽,与班昭赋前后辉映,而艺术表现之成熟,更堪与男作家的经典赋作比肩,应在赋史上给予应有的地位。     

唐代渭水四赋赏析

据清代陈元龙撰修的《御定历代赋汇》收唐代文人4篇有关渭水的赋作,分别是自居易的《泛渭赋》、卫次公的《渭水贯都赋》、刘殉的《渭水象天河赋》、独孤授的《泾渭合流赋》。这四篇赋以不同的视角展示了唐代文人对这条河流的情感与非同寻常的认识。《泛渭赋》体现了青年时代的自居易极高的政治热情与有为追求;《渭水贯都赋》体现了人们祈盼盛世永驻的美好愿望;《渭水象天河赋》表现了人们对清明政治的渴望;《泾渭合流赋》则更多强调的是个人与他人的“和”、个人与群体的“和”、个人与社会的“和”,反对“独清”。     

易学与东汉政治初探

通过考察易学与东汉政治,本文认为易学对东汉政治的影响体现在四个方面:义理之学成为东汉士大夫参政议政的所依据的重要理论;同时对东汉士大夫的政治思想也产生了深刻的影响;象数易学对东汉基本政治理念和基本政治制度的影响,东汉以孝治天下与举孝廉制,即是源于象数易学理论;东汉士大夫运用象数易学理论,借灾异关说时君、批评弊政,以改良政治.     

论巴赫金的时空观

巴赫金的时空观表现在他的"时空体"理论中,他对时间与空间的看法凸显出较浓的现代特色。巴赫金在整个《希腊小说》中将自己的"时空体"观点表现得非常具体,小说作为一种艺术形式,成为巴赫金显现自己"时空体"的载体,他的这种分析丰富了小说理论的基础,也是独立自由精神的体现。     

孙中山晚年政治思想的内在矛盾

孙中山晚年的民主宪政追求与他的一个党、一个主义的主张之间存在着明显的矛盾 ,他的直接民权理论与排斥个人自由的理念也难以相容。他期望用集权独裁的方式实现民主是不可能成功的。孙中山没有解决的政治难题 ,对所有东方民主革命家都是一个难以索解的难题     

论曹植的表

曹植诗文成就都很突出。在曹植诗歌形象中那些隐括着的思想感情 ,在他的“表”中则清楚地表达出来。读他的表文 ,他那当时的处境 ,他那些应对 ,他的识见 ,他一生的悲剧都会在眼前“逸”出来。刘勰说曹植“诗丽而表逸” ,用一个“逸”字来评价曹植的表 ,无论就其文思情感的飞涌充沛 ,还是就其语言修辞的舒卷自如 ,也都是恰切的     

舜形象中的道德哲学问题

舜在中国历史上堪称第一个人格形象完整的人,他的故事中蕴含着丰富的道德哲学问题,而这些问题的解决在现代社会仍有启示意义。首先是父子关系的问题,舜的父亲因为偏爱不是个慈父,但舜秉承着父子天性的认识,以不变的孝心来对待父亲,最终得以处理好父子关系。而兄弟之间因为出现了继承权之争,即利益问题,所以舜的弟弟象一直想杀死舜,但舜坚持兄弟之间的血缘亲情,始终以让的美德来感化兄弟。舜对于夫妻关系,认识到其中的异姓和异性问题,因此"内行弥谨",谨慎地与妻子相处,最终得以使家庭和睦。     

Caleb Perry Patterson: Political Scientist and Civic Educator

Caleb Perry Patterson was a leader in the discipline of political science during a long career. He is remembered as the founder of the national political science honor society, Pi Sigma Alpha, and as a charter founder of the Southwestern Political Science Association (now the Southwestern Social Science Association). Both were founded a century ago, in 1920. While his role in founding those organizations is one of his legacies, his career was much more than that. He was a notable educator, an activist in the politics of his time, and a prolific scholar. He used an oratorical presentation style to inspire generations of students, and through promotion of constitutional values, he encouraged independence of thought. One prominent Texas political observer summed up his impact as encouraging students of all political stripes to “love the thing that is America” and to provide critical thinking during the McCarthy Era. With Patterson as his reference, he concluded that “the only thing that can save us is the professors, really.”     

On the Mandela Spirit and Its Global Significance

This year marks the 100th anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s birth. The reason the global media reacted strongly to the news of Mandela’s death five years ago can be found in his lasting contributions and his immortal spirit. Mandela’s spirit is characterized by the noble ideals of opposing apartheid and achieving democracy, freedom and equality; by his philosophy of reconciliation, marked by magnanimity and forgiveness; by his principled stand for peace and justice in Africa and the world; by his political wisdom in summing up the situation and meeting the challenges of the times, evinced in his quitting office at the peak of his political life; by his thankfulness for help and concern for vulnerable groups; and by his personal charm, as reflected in his magnanimity, sense of humor, sincerity and sense of equality. These six qualities are closely connected and constitute a dialectical unity. South Africa is the birthplace of Mandela and the soil in which the Mandela spirit grew. The fact that South Africa produced a Mandela is closely connected with his historical era and the social environment, as well as the influence of countries around the world and the international support he received. Above all, however, Mandela’s rise was closely tied to his noble ideals and outstanding character. In a word, the internal and external origins of the Mandela spirit complement and illuminate each other. The Mandela spirit is rooted in South Africa, yet it belongs to the whole world and the whole human race. Its radiant reason, dynamism and strong personal influence will continue to illuminate our world with an eternal charisma. The world of today needs the Mandela spirit more than ever.     

Literature and the Arts

The author reviews The Revolutionary Romanticism of Shelley, a critical biography by I. Neupokoeva (Goslitizdat, Moscow, 1959, 470 pp.) which shows the poet as a child of his age and relates his creative output to his social as well as his esthetic views. Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1961, No. 3.     

史苑学步忆恩师——缅怀我的导师黄永年先生

黄永年先生是我国著名目录文献学家、唐史研究专家,陕西师范大学历史文化学院、唐史研究所、古籍整理研究所教授,国务院古籍整理专家组成员。通过对在黄永年先生门下受教往昔的回忆,从一个侧面展现黄永年先生的大家风范、学术思想、卓然才华,以及他蜡炬成灰、倾心奉献,鼓励关爱学生,精心培养后学的高尚情怀。同时表现后学对前辈学人的深切缅怀和崇敬之情。     

Controlling Individual Development and Behavior

Let us begin by discussing how legitimate such a formulation of the problem is. Indeed, can one control [upravliat'] man and regulate his behavior? After all, man is not a machine with levers and buttons that can be manipulated and pushed to direct his actions into the desired channel. Man is endowed with a will, a mind, and the ability to exercise conscious control over his thoughts and actions. His extraordinarily complex and subtle mental qualities as well as his rich and unique inner life make the very idea of external intervention in his affairs seem blasphemous.     

扬雄评司马迁之意义

扬雄作为汉代思想家,他对司马迁评价甚高,将其与孔子相提并论,但他并非完全赞同司马迁的观点。扬雄评价司马迁的意义在于:其一,扬雄标举司马迁在史学上的突出地位,实际上是公认其在史学的独立性,将史学与儒学并列起来;其二,他评司马迁"爱奇"、"多知"而"杂",首先是抓史学思想,以儒家思想为批评的标尺,在传统史学领域具有代表性,也反映了司马迁史学的丰富性及其思想的特异性;其三,他评司马迁《史记》"实录",注意史学之记事行文的最基本问题是很重要的。但仅以"实录"而称"良史之才"失之片面,应当加上史学思想;只有思想性与艺术性都好,才可谓"良史之才"。扬雄的看法与评论在中国史学史上有重要的意义。