关税、权力结构与消费者偏好下的绿色供应链决策研究

考虑关税、供应链权力结构以及消费者绿色偏好，分别构建制造商主导和零售商主导的两级跨国绿色供应链模型，比较分析关税、权力结构和消费者绿色偏好对绿色供应链决策的影响。研究发现，关税的征收会降低产品绿色度，减少供应链成员及供应链利润。但是消费者绿色偏好的增加可以抵消关税带来的部分负面影响。制造商主导的权力结构相比零售商主导的权力结构更不利于产品绿色度的提高。供应链企业利润受到关税税率水平、供应链权力结构以及产品绿色成本系数的综合影响，供应链主导地位不能一直为主导者带来更多的利润。最后，数值算例比较分析了消费者不同绿色偏好情景下的供应链决策和利润差异。     

关税与成本变动下零售商主导的跨境双渠道供应链定价决策

构建了零售商为Stackelberg领导者的跨境供应链博弈模型,通过引入关税、国际运输成本等因素并分析关税变动对跨国供应链产品定价和各成员利润的影响。结果表明：随着产品关税的增加,国内制造商产品A批发价格会增加、产品A直销价格和境外制造商产品B批发价格会减少,而关税变动对零售商定价决策的影响与消费者价格敏感系数有关;本国加征关税会使得国内制造商利润增加、境外制造商利润减少,而关税增加对零售商利润影响与消费者价格敏感系数有关：只有当消费者价格敏感系数较大时,本国关税上调才会使得国内零售商利润增加;随着境外产品B国际运输成本的增加,产品A、B批发价格会减少,而产品A、B零售价格都会增加,供应链中各成员利润都会减少。     

Reassessing Risk in Developing Country Infrastructure

Private investment in developing country infrastructure has grown rapidly in the last decade, yet hazards still exist that may undermine the stability of investment projects. This article reviews data and surveys recent cases that underscore the emergent threats faced by companies seeking to develop and manage infrastructure projects. Using a framework to classify the multiple roles of government in both facilitating and impeding investment, it proposes strategies for investors and developers to assess and mitigate these continuing risks. Its recommendations include leveraging international agreements, drawing on multilateral project finance, pursing first-mover positions and engaging all relevant stakeholders. The paper concludes by drawing implications for management research and practice.     

加征关税下的跨国供应链决策及补贴策略研究

本文讨论加征关税视角下的供应链决策及补贴策略问题。基于本国制造商、分销商与国外进口零售商所组成的三级跨国供应链,分别讨论了政府不补贴、政府补贴下的供应链决策,研究加征关税和补贴对供应链的影响,并分析保持产品销售价不变补贴策略(I)、保持制造商利润不变补贴策略(II)及社会福利最大化补贴策略(III)的效应。结果表明,加征关税导致产品销售价增大和本国企业批发价、供应链各企业利润及社会福利的降低,但政府提高补贴使得产品销售价减小和供应链各企业利润增大,而社会福利随着补贴的增大先增大后减小。随着加征关税税率及补贴的增大,供应链更多地表现为补贴的作用,补贴能有效减小加征关税的影响。在较低关税税率下,策略(III)激励产品出口作用显著,但政府补贴支出过高;策略(II)相较策略(I)激励效果更显著,但补贴支出更大。在较高关税税率下,策略(II)更能激励制造商出口,策略(I)以较低的补贴支出激励制造商出口,更有利于维持国际市场稳定。     

Recent Developments in Greek Industrial Relations: Statutory and Attitudinal Changes Towards Participation and Cooperation

ABSTRACT: Industrial relations in Greece were characterised in the past by labour-management mistrust and conflict, as well as by strong government intervention which invariably influenced the state of industrial relations. Political instability and other serious interruptions, such as World War II, the enemy occupation, civil war and two military dictatorships, made any effort for improvement very difficult, if not impossible, in the 1936-1974 period. Some concerted efforts were made later and especially in the 1980s (with EEC influence and support), which met with considerable success. A series of parliamentary acts and ministerial decrees, restored trade union freedoms, introduced statutory consultation and participation, strengthened collective bargaining, and established an independent agency for the settlement of disputes. Some degree of unity was also achieved among the major political factions represented in the trade union movement. More importantly (and in spite of their traditional reluctance to cooperate) the social partners represented on the employers‘ side by the Association of Greek Industries (SEV), and on the workers‘ side by the Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) are beginning to move towards the development of innovatory systems of cooperation for the solution of problems of mutual concern. Furthermore, there are also some significant structural developments, including the establishment of a growing number of enterprise-level trade unions, which are engaged in contract negotiations and agreements, and participation at the enterprise level. Additionally, appropriate research and training on both sides are helping to meet the socio-economic challenges of the current decade and beyond.     

Experiences of running negotiable and non-negotiable developer contributions side-by-side

In England, Since the 1970s, a system of negotiated project-specific agreements between local planning authorities and developers/landowners has evolved into the sole mechanism by which part of land value uplift ‘released’ by the grant of planning permission is captured by government. In 2010, in an attempt to simplify and speed up the planning process – negotiated planning agreements were regarded as time-consuming and a brake on development – the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) was introduced. Originally intended as a simple flat rate charge to replace site-specific planning agreements, CIL now sits alongside that mechanism so that developers pay CIL to help fund infrastructure provision in the locality, whilst planning agreements help mitigate the impact of their development and provide affordable housing. The experience of running a system of negotiated planning agreements alongside a non-negotiable infrastructure levy offers an opportunity to evaluate these policy shifts in order to assess their strengths and weaknesses and whether there are any wider lessons for international discussions of best practice in land value capture. Drawing on survey findings the paper considers the implementation of CIL alongside planning agreements, the revenue and expenditure patterns, and the impact of these combined land value capture mechanisms on development activity and, in particular, on affordable housing supply.     

The IAEA, the NPT and the VIII NPT Review Conference

Since the end of World War II the international community has been building, step by step and with many difficulties, the nuclear weapon non-proliferation regime. The purpose of this regime is the prevention of the proliferation of this type of weaponry and to achieve, as one of their final goal, the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons and the closure of all nuclear weapon production facilities or the conversion of these facilities for their exclusively use with peaceful purposes in the future. Despite all efforts made by the majority of the international community, the world still is far from achieving this important objective. This article offers to the international community a group of actions for the strengthening of the nuclear weapon non-proliferation regime and for the beginning of multilateral negotiations towards nuclear disarmament.     

加拿大企业全球竞争战略探析

在关税与非关贸易壁垒不断降低和政府管制逐渐放松的今天,企业全球化浪潮正愈演愈烈。本文从加拿大企业全球竞争战略出发,对加拿大企业在国际市场上获得巨大成功的经验进行分析,以便对我国企业的国际经营有所借鉴。     

中美贸易摩擦对中国短期综合影响:基于投入占用产出局部闭模型的研究

本文利用投入占用产出技术构建投资和消费局部内生化的投入占用产出局部闭模型。基于新模型，文章研究了中美贸易摩擦的两个情境，美国单方面对中国的500亿美元商品和2000亿美元商品加征25%进口关税，对中国带来的短期综合影响。测算结果表明，两种情境下中国对美商品出口额将分别下降4.27%和16.03%，中国的出口增加值分别损失962.85亿元和3829.85亿元，出口拉动的国内非农就业分别减少78.62万人和331.05万人。以先进设备、信息通信技术、计算机等为代表的新兴ICT产业受直接影响较大，与此关联度较高的上下游产业也将受到明显冲击。在中美贸易摩擦频繁的背景下，中国可能将面临通货紧缩和相关行业就业人数减少的风险。面对贸易摩擦困局，中国需积极升级国内消费和优化投资结构。     

The Role of Contract Negotiation and Industry Structure in Production Outsourcing

Despite the spread of cost‐driven outsourcing practices, academic research cautions that suppliers' cost advantage may weaken manufacturers' bargaining positions in negotiating outsourcing agreements, thereby hurting their profitability. In this study, we attempt to further understand the strategic impact of low‐cost outsourcing on manufacturers' profitability by investigating the contractual form of outsourcing agreements and the industry structure of the upstream supply market. We consider a two‐tier supply chain system, consisting of two competing manufacturers, who have the option to produce in‐house or to outsource to an upstream supplier with lower cost. To reach an outsourcing agreement, each manufacturer engages in bilateral negotiation with her supplier, who may be an exclusive supplier or a common supplier serving both manufacturers. Our analysis shows that wholesale‐price contracts always mitigate the competition between manufacturers regardless of whether they compete with price or quantity. In contrast, two‐part tariffs intensify the competition when the manufacturers compete with quantity, but soften it when they compete with price. As a result, when outsourcing with two‐part tariffs, the manufacturers may earn lower profits than they would from in‐house production, although the suppliers are more cost efficient. This suggests that managers have to be wary about the downside of using coordinating contracts such as two‐part tariffs when pursuing low‐cost outsourcing strategies. Our analysis also sheds some light on the profitability of using an exclusive supplier for outsourcing. When outsourcing with wholesale‐price contracts, the competing manufacturers are better off outsourcing to an exclusive supplier. However, when outsourcing with two‐part tariffs, the manufacturers may earn higher profits by outsourcing to a common supplier than to an exclusive one when the manufacturers' bargaining power is sufficiently strong (weak) under quantity (price) competition.     

OR/MS methodology—A conceptual framework

Many authors deal, explicitly or implicitly, with OR/MS methodology and the term ‘methodology’ has gained such an inclusive connotation that it comes to denote nothing in particular. This has diluted the analytical precision of OR/MS ‘methodology’ as well as its practicability. Therefore an attempt to form a conceptual framework for OR/MS methodology will be presented. This framework consists of seven components addressing specific methodological aspects: each component has specific properties which distinguish it from the others; all of them together form a consistent hierarchy suitable to aid the successful development and implementation of OR/MS methods.     

New organizational structures: skill implications for professionals

Many writers predict that emerging new organizational structures will displace the traditional hierarchical structures. This paper looks at the skill implications for ‘professionals’ as these changes take place. It presents data gathered from a series of structured group discussions conducted with managers and professionals in the UK retail financial services sector (banking, insurance and mortgage lending) to illustrate how changing structures are impacting on ‘professional’ skills and roles. Six key trends, identified in the group discussions, are examined in the light of models which predict the way ‘professionals’ will be managed over the next few years. These trends are illustrated by short case examples or vignettes.     

基于供应链视角的并购谈判框架

在基于利润分配的供应链多边谈判环境中,探讨了买方与部分供应商并购的谈判框架.首先,分析了买方与单个供应商并购的情形.结果给出两种框架下各方所获利润,并进一步给出未参与并购的供应商互动下的均衡.其次,分析了买方与多个供应商并购的谈判框架.在买方与多个供应商同时并购和依次并购两种情形下,结果分别给出三种不同框架下各方所获利润.结论表明,并购过程中的供应链网络结构和相关企业互动削弱了并购协同下的买方利润,从而企业应谨慎选取并购战略及其分析框架以实现并购的战略目标.     

The VIII NPT Review Conference: A Successful or Failure Event?

In August 1945, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki initiating the so-called “nuclear era”. Some years later, the number of countries possessing this terrible weapon increased to five. Today, eight or nine countries are in possession of such destructive weapons. What has done by the international community to stop the proliferation of such deadly weapon? The international community began in the 1950s the consideration of specific measures with the purpose of impeding further the proliferation of nuclear weapons and, at appropriate time, to begin the destruction of all nuclear weapons in a defined period at multilateral level and under international supervision. After so many years of efforts in this direction, these two important objectives have not been still reached. This paper analyses each one of the main outcomes of the VIII NPT Review Conference and recommend specific actions to be implemented by all NPT State parties in order not only to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons but to destroy them.     

Bridging the Gap? The Role of Regional Governance in Delivering Effective Local Public Services: Evidence from England

Between 2004 and 2010 local area agreements (LAAs) represented a key part of the New Labour Government's agenda for local government in England, which centred on increasing the level of involvement that local areas had in the issues affecting them. To deliver this agenda, New Labour deployed government offices for the regions (GOR) to negotiate with localities on behalf of central government. As part of a broader consideration of the role of regional governance structures in delivering local public services, this paper draws upon the results of a national survey of LAA practitioners in England, and findings from more detailed case study work, to consider the role of GOR in the LAA process. These findings examine the role GOR played in negotiating LAA targets and the extent to which these negotiations allowed local areas to respond to local issues and priorities. Then, by considering local enterprise partnerships and the recently established combined authorities, the paper will consider how localism policy under the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government, who came to power in 2010, has responded to the lessons of the LAA. In doing so, the paper seeks to fit into the wider discussion about how local public services can be delivered effectively and draw out the challenges faced by those trying to link local and central policy together.     

考虑双均衡的港航供应链可持续投资研究

针对港航联合可持续投资问题,构建了静态Stackelberg均衡与动态演化博弈双均衡联动模型,在政府碳排放规制和碳交易市场双重因素下,研究考虑可持续发展的港航供应链减排技术投资策略。研究表明：随着投资成本分担比例的增大,在静态Stackelberg均衡下,航运公司投资意愿逐渐降低,而港口却始终偏好自身投资,此时系统均衡策略由航运企业投资的囚徒困境转变为港口投资的帕累托最优;在动态演化博弈下,稳定结果是航运企业投资转变为港口投资。并从政府-市场-企业三方视角发现：(1)企业长期低碳投资策略与政府碳排放限额无关;(2)企业需要关注碳交易市场价格、托运人对可持续水平敏感度以及价格敏感度,这些参数值增高会降低碳排放量;(3)随着航运企业分担比例的增大,碳排放量呈现上升趋势。最后结合静态与动态投资策略,为政府、港口和航运企业可持续投资提供建议。     

供应链视角下的多方并购框架

以并购参与方所在供应链为研究视角,探讨了买方与多个供应商并购分析框架。首先,得出多种框架下并购前后各方所获利润,并数值模拟供应链环境变化对买方利润的影响;其次,在比较基础上给出供应链各方互动下的均衡。结果表明,并购交易的实施和供应链各方互动共同影响并购各方和其余各方所获利润,且互动削弱了并购产生的正向协同效应。本文给出了供应链各方互动下的并购分析框架,进一步完善了并购决策过程中的交易评估内容。     

The Impact of Trade on Intra‐Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity

This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra‐industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter‐firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity.     

International Trade Inoperability Input-Output Model (IT-IIM): Theory and Application

The inoperability input-output model (IIM) has been used for analyzing disruptions due to man-made or natural disasters that can adversely affect the operation of economic systems or critical infrastructures. Taking economic perturbation for each sector as inputs, the IIM provides the degree of economic production impacts on all industry sectors as the outputs for the model. The current version of the IIM does not provide a separate analysis for the international trade component of the inoperability. If an important port of entry (e.g., Port of Los Angeles) is disrupted, then international trade inoperability becomes a highly relevant subject for analysis. To complement the current IIM, this article develops the International Trade-IIM (IT-IIM). The IT-IIM investigates the resulting international trade inoperability for all industry sectors resulting from disruptions to a major port of entry. Similar to traditional IIM analysis, the inoperability metrics that the IT-IIM provides can be used to prioritize economic sectors based on the losses they could potentially incur. The IT-IIM is used to analyze two types of direct perturbations: (1) the reduced capacity of ports of entry, including harbors and airports (e.g., a shutdown of any port of entry); and (2) restrictions on commercial goods that foreign countries trade with the base nation (e.g., embargo).     

人工智能时代企业管理变革的逻辑与分析框架

人工智能作为社会发展和技术创新的产物,已经成为新一轮科技创新和产业变革的核心驱动力,正在对世界经济、社会进步和人民生活产生极其深刻的影响。人工智能的商业应用会改变企业内部运作和生产经营的过程,为企业管理带来了诸多挑战和变革机遇。本文结合人工智能的特征与发展趋势,从管理对象、管理属性、管理决策和管理伦理四个方面对人工智能时代企业管理变革的逻辑进行了梳理,得出如下推论:第一,人工智能时代,被管理者将出现越来越多的"人工智能员工",以"社会人"为中心的管理理论和管理手段的适用性降低,如何管理"人工智能员工"以及协调人类员工与智能机器人的关系将对管理者提出挑战;第二,人工智能时代,管理属性不仅包括管理理论的科学性、管理实践的艺术性,还包括管理过程的技术性;第三,人工智能时代,将出现一批优秀的技术管理者,此时,技术管理者指的不是管理技术的人,而是掌握智能技术的管理者;第四,人工智能时代,管理者的决策环境得到优化,管理活动中的决策准则将由"满意决策"过渡为"最优决策";第五,人工智能时代,管理手段的智能化发展可能会加剧管理效率和管理伦理的冲突,管理者必须提升管理道德,经营过程中强化社会责任的履行;第六,随着人工智能技术发展,政府、社会团体和行业协会有必要从政策、法律与行业标准等多个方面构建人工智能发展伦理的多层次约束机制。