Japanese labor relations: A view from organized labor

Donald F. Ephlin retired in June 1988 as vice-president and director of the General Motors Division of the UAW. He has also directed the UAW’s Ford Division, where he led the union’s bargaining team in negotiations over job security, profit sharing, and worker participation in management. Mr. Ephlin has served as a regional director of the UAW in New England, as an administrative assistant to former UAW president Leonard Woodcock, and as a member of the Presidential Commission on Industrial Competitiveness and the U.S. Department of Labor Task Force on Economic Adjustment and Worker Dislocation. He is now a lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps , by Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, 196 pages. Cloth, $199.95.
Ideology and Cultural Identity: Modernity and the Third World Presence , by Jorge Larrain. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1994, 190 pages.
Childerley: Nature and Morality in a Country Village , by Michael Mayerfeld Bell. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 279 pages. Cloth.     

Book reviews

The Significance of Schooling: Life‐Journeys in an African Society. Robert Serpell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 361 pages, $59.95.

Response to Patricia M. Greenfield's Review of The Significance of Schooling: Life‐Journey's in an African Society

Artifical Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines. H. M. Collins. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990. 266 pages, $15.95 (paper).     

Young female incest victims in treatment: Stages of growth seen with a group art therapy model

This article describes a treatment model for female child incest victims combining art and group therapy. Five stages of growth are identified: gathering, self-disclosure, regression, reconstruction, and ending.This project is in part supported by a grant from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Health and Human Service.     

Individual and Social Costs of Divorce in Utah

This preliminary report provides an overview of the economic consequences of divorce for couples experiencing divorce in Utah. The economic impact on the divorcing individuals, the surrounding communities in which they live, and the state and federal governments were assessed. The data collected in Utah reveals that the federal government absorbs the most substantial costs, including a host of expenditures related to welfare assistance and medical costs. The 9,735 divorces in Utah during 2001 cost the state and federal government nearly $300 million in direct and indirect costs. Extrapolation from these estimates reveals that divorce and its direct and indirect economic consequences cost the United States $33.3 billion annually. Implications for social policy and strengthening marriages are provided.A longer version of this paper, including a cost analysis breakdown for each state, is available from the author. This paper was originally written while the author was at Utah State University. This report is based on initial research findings by Dr. Steven L. Nock and Dr. David B. Larson. I would like to thank Dr. Brent A. Barlow, Brigham Young University, and Drs. Kathleen W. Piercy and James P. Marshall, Utah State University, for their valuable assistance in this research. A special thanks also goes to the reviewers for their invaluable comments on earlier versions of this article.David G. Schramm, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849; e-mail: schradg@auburn.edu.     

Union rent appropriation and ex post analysis

A data set of 106Fortune 500 firms is used to investigate the extent of union rent appropriation in 1977. The analysis identifies the existence of an appropriable asset with greater value in use than exchange as a necessary condition for union rent appropriation. The empirical analysis utilizes a new source of unionization data and explicitly addresses the problems associated with ex post analysis. The results suggest capital- and firm-specific efficiency are major sources for union rent appropriation. The authors thank Barry Hirsch for providing data used in this study and also thank Jon Nelson, David Macpherson, Mark Roberts, Chella Courington, seminar participants at The Pennsylvania State University, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the paper. Machine readable copies of the unionization data and an appendix describing the programs used to generate the results are available from Ted W. Chiles at the Department of Economics, School of Business, Auburn University at Montgomery, 7300 University Drive, Montgomery, Alabama, 36117–3596.     

The urban design of a Balinese town: placemaking issues in the Balinese urban setting

This research considers the role of indigenous institutions and conceptions of space in the urban design process for producing culturally appropriate designs for Balinese towns. Employing a pluralistic approach (The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1960; Planning a Pluralist City: Conflicting Realities in Ciudad Guyana, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1976; House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969, Human Aspects of the Built Form, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977), a case study of the town of Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia explores the popular accounts on the operative indigenous conceptions of space in contemporary Balinese urban settings. This exploration aims at providing a ground for reconnecting urban design proposals with their cultural context, thus promoting the spatially expressed localism originating from the diversity of cultures which is currently undermined by the highly standardized process of the Indonesian planning system. In particular, for the town of Gianyar, such an exploration provides a set of placemaking issues which is useful in devising urban design guidelines for achieving a town with more pronounced cultural identity.The research concludes that to achieve culturally appropriate places, the design process has to acknowledge the Balinese Hindu psycho-cosmic concept as the core principle in the design of Balinese townscapes. As such, the existing indigenous cosmic territory, which accommodates the relationship between human (microcosm) and environment (macrocosm), along with its adat law and institution, has to be incorporated in contemporary urban design processes. As a result, urban spatial organization, structure and form will significantly reflect the Balinese cultural identity.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Youth in Prison: We the People of Unit Four, by M. A. Bortner and Linda M. Williams. New York and London: Routledge, 1997, xvii, 241 pages.
Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders and the Forces of Order, by Robert Jackall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 368 pages. Cloth, $24.95.
Cubans in Puerto Rico: Ethnic Economy and Cultural Identity, by Jose A. Cobas and Jorge Duany. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997, 156 pages.     

US campus fraternities and sororities and the young adult injury burden

Objective: To investigate whether the presence of fraternities and sororities was associated with a higher local injury rate among undergraduate-age youth. Methods: In 2016 we compared the rate of 2010–2013 youth (18–24 years) emergency department (ED) visits for injuries in Hospital Service Areas (HSA) with and without fraternities and sororities. ED visits were identified in the State Emergency Department Database (n=1,560 hospitals, 1,080 HSAs, 16 states). US Census Bureau and National Center for Education Statistics sources identified HSA population and campus (n=659) characteristics. A proprietary database identified campuses with fraternities and sororities (n=287). ED visits explicitly linked to fraternities and sororities in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program were used to identify injury causes for sub-group analysis. Results: HSAs serving campuses with fraternities and sororities had lower age 18–24 injury rates for all causes except firearm injuries (no difference). Conclusions: Fraternities and sororities were not associated with a higher injury rate at the population level among undergraduate-age youth. A major limitation is not being able to observe campus health services utilization.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences. Graham Button (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Text in Context: Contributions to Ethnomethodology. Graham Watson and Robert M. Seiler (eds.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992. Shooting Dope: Career Patterns of Hard-Core Heroin Users, by Charles E. Faupel. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991, 220 pages, $27.95, hardcover. Capitalist Development and Democracy, by Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 387 pages, $45.00, hardback, $19.95, paper. What Does the Lord Require? How American Christians Think about Economic Justice, by Stephen Hart. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, 251 pages, $24.95, hardback. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory, by Philomena Essed. Newberry Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991, 322 pages, $44.00, cloth. The Search for Rational Drug Control, by Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 219 pages, $24.95, hardback. Micropolitics of Knowledge: Communication and Indirect Control in Workgroups, by Emmanuel Lazega. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992, 149 pages, $37.95, hardback, $16.95, paperback. Studying Collective Action, Sage Modern Politics Series Volume 30, sponsored by the European Consortium for Political Research/ECPR, edited by Mario Diani and Ron Eyerman. London: Sage, 1992, 263 pages, $60.00, hardback.     

Changes in the health status of newly housed chronically homeless: the Alaska Housing First program evaluation

The Housing First (HF) model is an evidence-based supportive housing initiative that provides permanent housing for the homeless without preconditions such as sobriety or treatment compliance. This three-year longitudinal study investigated the effects of Alaska's inaugural Housing First projects in Anchorage and Fairbanks on local service usage, costs and tenant quality of life (QoL). A total of 94 tenants participated at baseline in the QoL study and 68 continued to follow-up. Cost data was collected from local municipalities, Alaska Department of Corrections, and local hospitals, health care clinics, behavioral health providers, and detox facilities. Emergency services use by tenants decreased from the year before moving into Housing First to the year after. Changes in health care costs were more variable depending on site and type of service.     

Moving Toward Collaboration

Summary

Traditionally, organizations serving children and families have focused service delivery by available funding stream criteria. Federal funding streams supported fragmented services by tightly channeling monies to specific programs for specific needs. The intensity of providing and improving the delivery of services has overshadowed building connectedness across organizations and systems. Service has been the major goal and intense effort has gone into maximizing opportunities and measuring effects through service frequency. Over the past several years, new funding incentives have provided the opportunity for new collaboratives. This article describes an innovative collaboration between the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDHW) and Eastern Washington University (EWU) and the unique directions and support that a university/agency partnership can provide for both organizations. Key features of this collaboration include shifts in funding and staffing strategies that contributed to more flexible services and increased levels of collaboration between IDHW, EWU and other community and state organizations and institutions. This article describes how funding can be viewed as a tool to increase the level of collaboration between systems, thus potentially leading to a breakdown of the traditional service delivery system. Finally, this article describes how an agency/higher education partnership played a key role in documenting the success of a school based program in meeting the emergency assistance needs of children and families, and how program evaluation, like funding requirements, can provide a supportive role in building collaborative relationships.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines , by H. M. Collins. Cambrige, MA and London, England: MIT Press, 1990, 266 + XIII pages, $19.95, hardback.
Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems , edited by Joel Best. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1989, 258 pages, $34.95, hardback, $16.95, paper.
An End to Shame: Shaping Our Next Sexual Revolution , by Ira L. Reiss with Harriet M. Reiss. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1990, 287 pages, $21.95, hardback.
Structures of Power and Constraint: Papers in Honor of Peter M. Blau , edited by Craig Calhoun, Marshall W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 495 pages, $65.00, hardback.
Social Entropy Theory , by Kenneth D. Bailey. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, 310 pages, $54.50, cloth, $17.95, paper.
Sociological Theories in Progress: New Formulations , by Joseph Berger, Morris Zelditch and Bo Anderson (eds.). Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989, 416 pages, $42.00.     

Impact of a supported housing prioritization system using vulnerability and high service utilization

For people experiencing chronic homelessness, supportive housing with intensive social, health, and behavioral health services reduces the likelihood of re-entering homelessness and the public costs of associated acute medical care, shelter use, and incarceration. Due to a limited supply of supportive housing, it must be allocated to those most in need. This paper examines findings from a unique, region-wide method for prioritizing individuals for supportive housing based on utilization of high-cost public services and vulnerability if left on the street. A sample of 196 individuals were prioritized for housing based on this method, while a comparison group of 102 were housed not using the method. Results showed that those housed under the prioritization method achieved greater reductions in utilization of high-cost public services, but were also less likely to have positive dispositions when exiting the housing programs, suggesting the need for a greater intensity of supports and/or multiple “doses” of supportive housing before stability can be expected. The method described in the paper can provide a starting point for developing regional, comprehensive systems of coordinated, prioritized entry into supportive housing, such as those now required by US Department of Housing and Urban Development.     

Service learning, social justice, and campus health

Healthy campuses are critical so that students can learn and actively participate in shaping and maintaining a strong educational environment. This Viewpoint describes the commonalities between service learning, social justice, campus health, and the goals of Healthy Campus 2010, which was developed from the larger Healthy People 2010 objectives proposed by the US Department of Health and Human Services. The values, methods, and intended results of service learning are closely related to effective health promotion and disease prevention. Service learning focuses on personal and civic responsibility, thus providing students with opportunities for enhancing individual and community health. Service learning also espouses social justice and provides a vehicle for students to learn about, reflect on, and address health disparities. The author cites research concerning the effect of service learning on students in institutions of higher education and their social justice-related behaviors.     

Book reviews

Steven E. Aschheim, Brothers and Strangers. The East European Jew in German and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800–1923 (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1982). Pp.xiv + 331. $25.00.

Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington and London, Indiana University Press, 1983). Pp. 300. £19.25.

Hans van Amersfoort, Immigration and the Formation of Minority Groups: The Dutch Experience 1945–1975 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982). Pp.vi + 243. £19.50. (Translated from the Dutch by Robert Lyng).

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in ‘70s Britain (London, Hutchinson University Library, 1982). Pp.324. £5.95.

Susan Benson, Ambiguous Ethnicity: Interracial Families in London (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982). Pp.xi + 172. £16.50 (hardback); £5.50 (paperback).

Ashok Ohri, Basil Manning and Paul Curno (eds.), Community Work and Racism: Community Work Seven (London, Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1982). Pp.xv+188. £5.95.

Harold Pollins, Economic History of the Jews in England (London, Associated University Presses, 1983). Pp.339. £20.

Australian Council on Population and Ethnic Affairs, Multiculturalism for All Australians (Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1982). Pp.54. NP.

Peter D. Osborne, The Other Australia: The Crisis in Aboriginal Health (Occasional Monograph 2, Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 1982). Pp.144. NP.

J.W. Blassingame (ed.), The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series One, Volume 2: 1847–54, Speeches, Debates and Interviews (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1983). Pp.616. £38.

Robert Ross, Cape of Torments: Slavery and Resistance in South Africa (London, Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1983). Pp.xi + 160. £9.50.     

Social Work in the Emergency Department—Implementation of a Domestic and Family Violence Screening Program

Abstract

Women who have experienced domestic and family violence use health services more frequently than women who have not. Early identification and intervention by the health system may reduce health problems associated with domestic and family violence and lead to savings for the health sector. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a new domestic and family violence screening program, which was based on an ecological model and introduced by a social work team in the Emergency Department of a major metropolitan hospital. The evaluation method included an audit of social work case files to assess the effect on referral rates and a survey of Emergency Department staff to obtain perceptions of the impact of the program on the staff and clients. In the 3-month period following the introduction of the program, the rate of referral to social work increased by 213%. Staff agreed that the Emergency Department is an appropriate place to ask about domestic and family violence, under certain conditions. Findings suggest that an ecological social work model provides an approach to screening for domestic and family violence that not only contributes to increased identification and supportive client interventions but may also contribute to more sustainable systemic change.     

Social work training in Asian countries

The welfare of working mothers is a subject which has captured the attention many organizations and professional people who have examined the implications from their own particular points of view. For example, among Australian studies, Scott (1962) examined the personality development of pre-school children of working mothers, Bryson, et al. (1965), considered the effects on family life, and Nurcombe (1971) made a general assessment of some aspects of the welfare of infants and children under three years of age whose mothers are in full-time employment. The Women's Bureau of the Commonwealth Department of Labour and National Service has published booklets on various related topics under the general heading of “Women in the Workforce” and statements on policies related to the day care of children have been prepared by such bodies as the Australian Pre-school Association, the Australian Council of Social Service, the Queensland Creche and Kindergarten Association, the Victorian Council of Social Service and the Social Planning and Action Committee of the Australian Association of Social Workers.     

Sources of Personal Meaning Among Mexican and Mexican American Men with HIV/AIDS

ABSTRACT

This study examines one particular form of coping, finding personal meaning in the context of HIV, used by Mexican (M) and Mexican American (MA) HIV-positive men. A total of forty M and MA males who have HIV or AIDS was utilized. Individual interviews were conducted and subsequently transcribed and analyzed through content analysis. The areas most often reported by the M and MA respondents as being sources of personal meaning were as follows: relationships with family members, relationships with lovers/spouses and friends, religious beliefs, helping others, and personal growth. Knowledge of such coping resources used by M and MA men with HIV can contribute to the development of ethnic-sensitive social work practices.     

Services for substance abuse-affected families: The project connect experience

With more families entering the child welfare system with problems of substance abuse, there is an increasing need for programs that can respond effectively to these families' needs. This article describes one community-based program designed to support and strengthen families with an identified problem of substance abuse. parents' progress in addressing their problems with substance abuse, reduction of risk in Project families. children's placement experiences, and client satisfaction are discussed. The article concludes with implications for practice with substance abuse-affected families.Project Connect is funded by a grant from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, U. S. Department of health and Human Services. It is administered by the Rhode Island Center for Children-at-Risk, which is a program of Children's Friend and Service, Providence, Rhode Island. Project Connect is operated under contract from the Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth, and Families. The author wishes to acknowledge the staff of Project Connect and the Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth, and Families without whose contributions this work would not have been possible.