中国本土管理研究的进路

随着经济全球化进程的加快, 本土管理研究的重要性日趋突显.然而,目前中国管理研究以引入西方管理理论为主,缺乏相应的本土管理研究.主要探讨了本土管理研究的目的,如何有效建立本土管理学,以及本土管理学的发展方向,以期对壮大本土研究有所裨益.认为本土管理研究主要有4种发展道路:发展创新的、具有文化普遍性及影响力的理论、开展单一文化或者跨文化本土研究,以及进行动态协同的跨文化研究.     

中国本土管理研究的理论与实践问题:对徐淑英的访谈

如何处理好“管理研究的学术严谨性与实践相关性”问题,是管理学者最大的挑战之一.中国大陆管理学研究应从仅仅追求严谨性转变为既严谨又有着现实或潜在的社会影响.中国管理学者需要真正地进行探索性研究来发展中国管理的新构念和理论,依赖于现有文献的模仿和构建不会带来根本的创新.用中国的文化来理解当代中国的管理实践是构建本土理论的尚佳方法.本土研究既可以促进本地管理知识的发展,又可以通过展示中国的管理,区分与西方管理可能的相似或不同,以提升全球管理知识.没有本土的理论,就不能进行真正的比较研究.     

中国管理学研究的人本主义范式

哲学视野审视下的中国传统管理文化以战略为管理的核心，其所蕴含的丰富的人本主义思想在管理实践中表现为科学、艺术和哲学3种元素的融合。战略之树的比喻提供了中国管理学的认识框架，可以推动管理科学研究与管理哲学研究的统一，继而促成中国传统管理文化与管理科学的内在整合。中国管理学的意义在于推动管理学研究从科学主义范式走向人本主义范式。     

“中国管理学”发展中的范式问题

尽管中国管理学的研究可能要结合中国传统文化的某些特点,但中国管理学的研究目的并不是单纯为延续中国传统文化.中国管理学建立的初衷和目的,是在中国文化语境下研究组织如何达成管理目标及其效率问题.以这一目的而言,西方管理学主流范式目前是可以借鉴的.中国管理学借鉴这一成熟的范式,将它运用到本土文化语境下,就能得到快速发展.     

管理学本土化问题研究的分析与再思考

依据熊彼特“一个人不掌握历史事实,不具备适当的历史感或所谓历史经验,他就不可能指望理解任何时代(包括当前)的经济现象”的经济史学观,以及中国管理学本土化工作中存在的问题,分析了中国管理学界当前需要开展的工作.结合既是文化环境过程,也是文化环境中产物的管理学理论的特性,探索了中国本土管理研究工作的相关问题.认为中国学科本土化的研究工作是中国管理学界需要认真思考和分析的问题,管理学的中国本土化工作不能急功近利,一蹴而就.承认、尊重一百多年来经过广泛的理论研究和管理实践检验,并具有普适性的管理思想与理论架构,不拘泥于与中国现阶段和未来发展实践相脱节,甚至背离的理论或结论,努力地结合中国的国情和实践深入开展研究,是中国管理学界进行中国本土管理研究工作的主要路径.     

中国本土管理研究的几个关键问题——对黄光国、罗家德的访谈

本土学术应立足于东西文明的结合。用西方的分析性思维方式去解读中国文化传统会在社会科学的不同领域产生涵盖文化的理论,它不仅对中国有很大的影响,对西方的社会科学理论也是一种挑战。就本土社会研究而言,西方最优秀的学者建构的社会网络的、结构性的、关系主义的思维方式,给予中国本土研究非常有价值的启发。中国本身的崛起与西方理论的发展,会使得我们今天称之为本土管理的研究,明天成为世界的管理理论。     

管理学的元问题与管理哲学——也谈《出路与展望:直面中国管理实践》的逻辑瑕疵

韩巍指出了<出路与展望:直面中国管理实践>的逻辑瑕疵.这些逻辑瑕疵体现了中国管理学界深层次的痛苦,它本质上来源于对中国管理实践中传统与现实、工具价值与本体价值之间联系的割裂.不从工具价值与本体价值融合的角度来考察中国管理实践的内涵,将永远不会找到中国本土管理学登堂入室的门径;同样,不从传统与现实融合的角度考察中国管理实践的内涵,"中国传统管理思想究竟有用没用"也将永远只会停留在"中体西用"和"西体中用"的陷阱中无法自拔.管理哲学通过对管理学主流研究范式的理性批判,会为中国本土管理学提供一个反思与探索的向导.不重视思辫的方法,一概排斤哲学对管理学的渗入,将极有可能使得若干"管理学在中国"的讨论变成原地转圈.     

中国管理实践问题与管理的实证理论和规范理论

在经济学中,实证理论被认为是一种"科学",而规范理论是一种"艺术"。管理实证理论解释与预测管理现象,它回答管理科学问题;管理规范理论是为达到目标而提出的行动规则,它解决管理现实问题。规范理论因为要在各种复杂的条件下选择一种"可行"的方案,在很多情况下逼迫人们放弃"科学的方法"。仅有实证理论,管理学的框架就是支离破碎的,无法直接用于解决管理的现实问题,因此,管理规范研究和规范理论有其独立存在的价值。中国本土管理实践中的现实问题与矛盾的解决需要"规范研究",在实证至上的情境下谈理论与实践的脱节本身就是一个伪问题。由于实证研究以探索普遍规律为目的,因此实证研究也绝不可能产生中国本土管理学。中国本土管理理论一定是规范理论。     

试论文化与公共组织的相互关系

随着管理学的诞生，人类对管理问题愈加重视，相应地组织便逐渐进入人们理论研究的视野。然而，一个国家公共组织与其文化是密切联系的，中国公共组织的产生和发展受到中国根深蒂固的传统文化的影响，同时，中国公共组织也促进了中国文化的发展。     

文化视角下领导研究的回顾与展望

对文化概念和主流文化模型进行总结与评述,指出当前静态、片段式的概念界定的不足以及各模型间的共性特点和相关局限。梳理和分析现有文献,发现当前研究在内容上主要集中于领导力原型、领导风格、特定领导行为和相关领导要素4个方面;在研究方法上偏爱实证研究中的量化研究,对理论研究和质性研究的作用有所忽视;在研究策略上主要遵循"西方领导理论—本土文化背景—本土化解释与修正"的研究路线,不能对本土特有的领导要素进行很好的诠释。此外,提出厘清文化边界、完善和开发文化模型、机理探究、引入时间维度、构建基于本土文化的领导理论是未来基于文化领导研究的主要方向。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.