Unions and the structure of earnings inequality: Cross-national patterns

We examine differences in the structure of earnings inequality for men in four advanced western industrialized nations that differ in the nature and extent of unionism: the United States, Canada, Norway, and Sweden. We argue that the economic effects of unionism depend on whether (1) the bargaining structures of labor markets are centralized or fragmented; and (2) the political organization can be characterized as a corporatist or a pressure-group system. We find some support for our principal hypotheses that cross-national differences in systems of collective bargaining and political institutions affect the size of the earnings gap between male union and nonunion members, as well as the extent of wage dispersion among unionized workers.     

Declining inter-industry wage dispersion in the US

Industrial effects have long been significant factors in wage inequality. Previous research indicates that wage differentials across industries were increasing through the mid 1980s. Using more recent data, however, we find that the level of inter-industry wage dispersion declined by 36% from 1986 to 2002 despite the continued trend towards increasing inequality in the labor force. This decline in inter-industry wage dispersion is evident across gender and educational groups. Using multilevel growth curve models, our multivariate results indicate that the decline is only weakly related to industrial changes in education, occupation or even productivity despite the fact that the latter variable had been a critical factor in the prior period. Indicators of globalization and downsizing also do not appear to explain this decline. For the more recent period, the most important factors associated with the narrowing of inter-industry wage dispersion are reduced unionization rates and the higher proportion of casual workers. We interpret these results as suggesting that firms may now be less economically obliged to pass on a portion of their rents to broad groups of workers and may instead be engaged in more idiosyncratic processes of negotiation with individual workers based on micro-level sources of bargaining power.     

心理资本与农民工工资收入的相互影响——以浙江省为例

利用来自浙江省微观层面农民工调查的数据,采用联立方程计量方法,本文实证考察了心理资本与农民工工资收入之间的相互关系。结果表明,心理资本与农民工工资收入之间存在联立性。心理资本对农民工工资水平产生了正向的显著影响,同时相对工资水平也显著影响了农民工的心理资本。人力资本(健康状况和教育年限)不仅对农民工的收入获得具有直接效应,而且还可以通过影响农民工的心理资本对其工资水平产生间接效应。     

中国农民工工资走势:1979—2010

在有关中国农民工工资的文献中,农民工工资长期走势的研究仍付之阙如。在系统收集、梳理有关数据资料的基础上,对改革开放时期中国农民工工资水平及其演变轨迹的定量估测表明:过去30余年,其名义货币工资以年均近10%的速度增长;经用消费者价格指数调整的实际工资经历了三个阶段的演变;农民工与正式职工工资的比率呈先高后低走势。     

政府治理农民工工资拖欠问题的路径优化：以重庆市江北区为例

农民工问题的关键是收入问题,而解决农民工收入问题的首要任务便是解决工资拖欠问题。作为相关政策落实的试点地区与成功范例,重庆市江北区人民政府在农民工工资拖欠问题的治理中发挥了积极的作用,为全国其他地市提供了宝贵的善治经验。政府治理农民工工资问题,应落实责任制,切实加强对清理拖欠工作的组织领导;全面建立农民工工资保障制度;设立统一的劳务服务管理机构,完善政策法规维权机制。     

我国二元经济转化的理论与模式——一个有别于西方古典经济论的二元经济结构转化模型

2004年春天,在我国农村还存在无限供给农业劳动力的条件下,出现“民工荒”的主要原因之一是吸纳农业劳动力的非农产业部门支付民工的工资偏低,这使西方古典和新古典二元经济学家的二元经济结构转化模型已不适应我国国情。我们由此建立的非完全古典假设下的二元经济结构转化模型认为,利用工资的激励职能,即通过提高工资可实现工资与利润的共同增长,从而保证农业劳动力转移的可持续进行,直到我国完成二元经济结构转化、实现农村工业化与城市化。     

Workplace racial composition, perceived discrimination, and organizational attachment

Prior research has devoted considerable attention to the relationship between the racial and ethnic composition of jobs and various indicators of organizational attachment. Fewer studies, however, examine how workplace racial composition affects individuals’ experiences of racial discrimination or how these experiences impact workers’ organizational attachment. To address this lacuna, we first examine the effects of workplace racial composition on perceived racial and ethnic discrimination. Next, we examine whether perceived racial discrimination mediates the association between racial composition and organizational attachment observed in prior studies. Finally, we explore whether these relationships are similar (symmetric) or different (non-symmetric) for non-Whites and Whites. The analyses indicate: (1) working with predominately same-race coworkers tends to diminish perceptions of racial discrimination, (2) perceived racial discrimination mediates some of the effects of racial/ethnic composition on organizational attachment, and (3) some non-symmetric effects between non-Whites and Whites are found. We conclude with implications for future research.     

Parental family income and the socioeconomic attainment of children

Like others before us using different data, we find significant effects of parental family income on the completed schooling and wage rates of adult children using intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We explore various hypotheses regarding these effects, finding substantial support for the economic hypothesis that income, regardless of its source, is invested by parents in their children; mixed support for the hypothesis that fathers serve as role models for their sons; and no support for the welfare dependency hypothesis. Rather than serving as positive role models, working mothers appear to have significantly less successful sons.     

Period effects,cohort effects,and the narrowing gender wage gap

Despite the abundance of sociological research on the gender wage gap, questions remain. In particular, the role of cohorts is under investigated. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we use age–period–cohort analysis to uniquely estimate age, period, and cohort effects on the gender wage gap. The narrowing of the gender wage gap that occurred between 1975 and 2009 is largely due to cohort effects. Since the mid-1990s, the gender wage gap has continued to close absent of period effects. While gains in female wages contributed to declines in the gender wage gap for cohorts born before 1950, for later cohorts the narrowing of the gender wage gap is primarily a result of declines in male wages.     

洋务运动期间的劳工雇佣与管理

作为中国最早的建立机器工业的现代化运动,洋务运动期间我国企业界在现代工人的来源、工资标准的制定以及劳工管理方面有两个显著的特点：一是突出“效率”色彩,如按照产业结构的不同而雇佣不同技术素质的工人,按照劳动效率高低的不同以确定不同工资的标准。二是突出“情感”因素的作用,尽量利用传统文化中某些有利于提高当时企业劳动效率的因素,如利用同乡因素招募和管理工人等。尽管用现在的标准来看,这些探索显得幼稚,但它毕竟是近代中国人在机器工业建立方面迈出的坚实一步,直到今天仍有其积极的意义。     

知识经济时代企业团队建设与组织创新途径初探

没有适应性强的优秀团队,企业难以保持竞争力和生命力,而现代企业长期竞争的优势就是组织优势,员工凝聚力是企业发展的源泉和组织优势创造力的源泉。在知识经济的环境下．传统企业的组织结构因不具有知识经济时代组织的特点,无法适应快速的知识创新的步伐和迅捷的市场变化,企业必须进行组织创新,建立具有较强柔性的企业组织团队;组织的团队职能是管理活动的根本职能,是其他一切管理活动的保证和依托,伴随着企业组织的成长和发展,组织创新则意味着企业未来的希望;企业团队建设的强化与组织结构的创新。是现代企业发展的重要课题。     

城市农民工工资拖欠问题浅析

随着我国城市化进程的加快和社会结构的急剧转型,大量的农村劳动力涌入了城市,由于各种原因,拖欠农民工工资成了我国社会久治不愈的"社会病".只有通过政府、社会、个人共同努力,健全法律保障制度,完善经济秩序,加强道德建设,才能解决农民工工资拖欠问题,切实保障城市农民工的合法权益.     

Career pathways for temporary workers: Exploring heterogeneous mobility dynamics with sequence analysis

Because temporary jobs are time-delimited, their implications for workers’ economic security depend not only on their current characteristics, but also their place in longer-term patterns of mobility. Past research has typically asked whether temporary jobs are a bridge to better employment or trap workers in ongoing insecurity, investigating this question by analyzing single transitions. We demonstrate that this approach is ill-suited to assessing the often more complex and turbulent employment patterns characteristic of temporary workers. Our analysis instead employs sequence methods to compare a representative sample of temporary workers’ month-by-month mobility patterns through 8 potential (non)employment states over five years. We derive a typology of trajectories and describe their relative precariousness in relation to employment stability and wage and earnings levels and growth. While some of the pathways correspond quite closely to frameworks used by past research, others reveal new and important distinctions. Multinomial logit models reveal job, employer, and worker characteristics associated with different pathways. Age, gender, and type of temporary work stand out as important factors shaping subsequent mobility patterns.     

包含于组织中的无序对隐缠序的解构之解构

组织创新作为复杂性研究中一个极为核心的问题受到普遍关注,而要弄清组织如何创新就必须厘清一个十分关键的中间环节,这便是组织中的有序通过什么因素以及在什么条件下以什么方式得以促成其在组织层级演化过程中的传递从而导致组织的不断创新的。其实,包含于组织中的无序在组织中对有序的传递起了关键性作用,正是因为这种传递,使得有序在延续原有基本结构的同时也发生了一些适应性改变,从而导致了组织的创新。     

我国农村女性进“两委”的路径依赖与路径选择

在我国农村两委组织体系中,女性的比例偏低,影响着女性政治发展和新农村民主建设。农村女性进＂两委＂受各方面因素影响,在政治结构、制度环境、性别文化和组织依赖等方面存在着必然的路径依赖。而真正保证农村女性进＂两委＂,并不在于将＂依赖＂变成＂割裂＂,而在于梳理各方面组织关系,宣传先进的性别文化,构建妇女组织的合作网络,自上而下地完善政策法律来确保女性进＂两委＂、与男子平等参与村级事务的管理。     

Contradictions of commitment in the new economy: Insecurity, time, and technology

The new flexible, 24/7 economy is characterized by employment insecurity, time pressure, and technologies that increase employees’ accessibility to their workplace. Accompanying these changes is a changing social contract between employees and their employers. Labor process and organizational theories suggest that these employment characteristics will undermine the attachment component of organizational commitment that remains an important feature of contemporary workplaces. We use an unpublished dataset of a nationally representative sample of employed individuals from the Families and Work Life Institute to test hypotheses linking the attachment component of organizational commitment to organizational insecurity, time pressure, and technologically created accessibility. Our expectation is that these changes will be particularly important for decreasing older cohorts of workers’ attachment to the organization since they have experienced a change in the social contract. The data are largely consistent with these expectations.     

从技术角度对企业内部组织演进的考察

用规模经济、分工经济、合作经济和交易费用的节约解释组织的存在 ,用自然选择模型揭示技术变迁对组织演进的影响 ,可以提供观察组织演进的新角度。用合作经济解释团队组织的存在是一种创新。在不同的技术条件下 ,规模经济、分工经济、合作经济发挥作用的程度不同。技术与组织结构匹配 ,获得规模经济、分工经济和合作经济 ,节约交易费用 ,提高组织运行效率 ,是组织设计和再造过程追求的目标     

Comparative organization analysis: Sampling and measurement

This paper employs confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the effects of using multiple indicators and heterogeneous samples in comparative organizational research. The results show that several indicators of different dimensions of organizational structure can be unified into a single measurement model and that theoretical constructs based upon these multiple indicators are applicable to a wide variety of organizational types. The findings imply that the development of a general theory of organizational structure need not be impeded by current sampling and measurement practices.     

论新形势下农村中介组织的培育及发展

我国正处于社会转型的关键阶段,农村的社会结构发生了重大的变化。农民阶层发生分化,不同利益主体之间的矛盾冲突也日益突现。农村中介组织作为农村经济发展的生力军,在协调和整合不同利益主体之间的矛盾过程中发挥着日益重要的作用。因此,在建设社会主义新农村的进程中,就必须努力摆脱农村中介组织发展中的种种困境,从完善法律制度、加强政府扶持、强化组织培训、创新组织机制等方面培育农村各种中介组织,积极引导各种中介组织健康发展。     

The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: An analysis at the county, state, and national levels

Cantor and Land (1985) developed a theoretical model that proposed two pathways through which economic activity - as indexed by the aggregate unemployment rate - could affect the rate of criminal activity. The first is by increasing levels of criminal motivation within the population as deteriorating economic conditions affect social strain and social control; the second is by influencing the availability and vulnerability of criminal targets and thus the number of criminal opportunities. Although much empirical research has applied this theoretical model, few analyses have done so at disaggregated units of analysis. We present the most comprehensive analysis to date by empirically evaluating this model with data on 400 of the largest US counties - and examine the effects of aggregation on results as these county data are combined to the state and national levels - for the years 1978-2005. For seven Index crimes at each of the three levels of analysis, and with or without controls for structural covariates at each level, the directional effects hypothesized by Cantor and Land are found for 78 out of 84 estimated relationships. Even after taking into account the lack of statistical independence of these estimates by drawing on recently developed statistical theory, this is a very unlikely outcome. In accordance with expectations based on theory and prior research, (a) some of these relationships are weak and not statistically significant, and (b) the strongest and most consistent patterns of relationships for both the crime opportunity and crime motivation effects are found for three property crimes: burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Suggestions for further research on this topic are given.